INTERNATIONAL SOUND AND VIBRATION DIGEST Published by THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ACOUSTICS AND VIBRATION (IIAV) Volume 5, Number 1 Date: 14 May 1999 Editor-in-Chief: Malcolm J. Crocker, Auburn University, USA Assitant Editor: Kirsten Ratza, Auburn University, USA Editorial Board: Fulop Augusztinovica, Technical University of Budapest, HUNGARY Jonathan D. Blotter, Idaho State University, USA Duan-shi Chen, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CHINA Jean L. Guyader, INSA de Lyon, FRANCE Colin H. Hansen, University of Adelaide, AUSTRALIA Hanno Heller, DLR, Braunschweig, GERMANY Yoshihiko Irie, Nagasaki, JAPAN Nikolay Ivanov, Baltic State University, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA Finn Jacobsen, Technical University of Denmark, DEMARK G. Krishnappa, Institute for Machinery Research, NRC, CANADA Conny Larsson, Uppsala University, SWEDEN Leonid M. Lyamshev, Andreev Acoustics Institute, Moscow, RUSSIA Dan B. Marghitu, Auburn University, USA Eric Marsh, Penn State University, USA M.L. Munjal, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA David E. Newland, The University of Cambridge, UK Michael P. Norton, University of Western Australia, AUSTRALIA Andrew F. Seybert, University of Kentucky, USA M.O. Tokhi, University of Sheffield, UK Jan W. Verheij, TNO, Delft, THE NETHERLANDS Current number of subscribers: 1150 To send a submission to the ISVD DIGEST, or to subscribe or unsubscribe to ISDV, please send information by E-mail to: yanas@eng.auburn.edu. TODAY'S DIGEST CONTENTS: Item 1: IIAV Update Item 2: New Societies and Organizations Affiliated to IIAV Item 3: The South African Acoustics Insitute Item 4: Sixth International Congress on Acoustics and Vibration Item 5: Special Sessions on Aeroacoustics in Memory of Sir James Lighthill Item 6: Seventh International Congress on Sound and Vibration Item 7: International Symposium on Designing for Quietness Item 8: Interactive Web-Workshop and Book on Active Control of Sound and Vibration Item 9: Conference NOVEM 2000 Item 10 National Symposium on Acoustics (NSA-99) Item 11: Conference: Inter-noise '99 Item 12: Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics (FRITA) Item 13: In Memory of Sir James Lighthill (1924-1998) Item 14: In Memory of Mihai I. Buculei (1942-1998) Item 15: M. S. Thesis by Vasudeva Kothamasu Item 16: M.S. Thesis by Ada Nicole Faulk Item 17: PhD Thesis by Ard Kuijpers Item 18: "On Fractal Nature of Low-Frequency Sound Attenuation in the Ocean" by Yu Lysanov and L.M. Lyamshev Item 19: Airframe Industry Report Item 20: The Institute of Sound and Vibration Research Scholarship to Outstanding Students Item 21: Institute of Cancer Research: PhD Studentships Available Item 22: Scholarships Available for Study at Brigham Young University, Utah, USA Item 23: Readers' Questions Item 24: Book Review: Dynamics of Plates Item 25: Book Review: Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery Item 26: Acoustics and Vibration Calendar of Events Item 27: Past Proceedings Available Item 28: Membership Application Form for IIAV ITEM 1: IIAV UPDATE The International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV) currently has over 400 individual members in 44 countries worldwide and also 24 scientific societies or similar organizations have formally declared their cooperation with IIAV as affiliated societies. The IIAV International Congresses on Sound and Vibration are now well established. The first congress held under the auspices of IIAV, the Fourth International Congress on Sound and Vibration chaired by Professor Nickolay Ivanov was held in St. Petersburg, Russia in June 1996 and the Fifth International Congress on Sound and Vibration chaired by Professor Colin Hansen was held in Adelaide, Australia in December 1997. Both these IIAV congresses attracted over 400 participants from about 40 countries. The book of proceedings of the Russian congress was 2000 pages long and the one in Australia exceeded 3000 pages and is also available on CD ROM. The Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration which will be held in Copenhagen, Denmark, July 5-8, 1999 chaired by Professor Finn Jacobsen has already attracted 600 abstracts and promises to be the largest IIAV congress to date. Plans are already well underway for the Seventh International Congress on Sound and Vibration to be held in Garmisch-Partenkirken, Germany, July 4-7, 2000. The Seventh Congress will be chaired by Dr. Hanno Heller of DLR, Braunschweig. IIAV will hold the Eighth International Congress on Sound and Vibration in the year 2001 in the Pacific-rim. The congresses now will be held annually in different host countries around the world. Proposals have already been received to hold congresses in five more host countries. But these large IIAV international congresses are by no means the only conferences with which IIAV has been involved. IIAV has been requested to cosponsor or cooperate with conferences in several countries and has been pleased to act as a cosponsor or collaborator with the following conferences: i) the First Ibero-american Congress , Florianopolis Brazil, April 1998, ii) Noise Control 98, June 1998, Krakow, Poland, iii) Acustica 98, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1998, iv) the First Congress of the Slovenian Acoustical Society, Portoroz, Slovenia, October 1998, and v) the Noise Control Congress, Nis, Yugoslavia, October 1998. IIAV has also agreed to help cosponsor the Second Ibero-american Congress to be held in Madrid, Spain in April 2000 and the IUTAM International Symposium on Designing for Quietness to be hosted in Bangalore, India in December 2000. IIAV began publication of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (IJAV) in December 1996. This refereed journal is sent to all IIAV members and a growing number of libraries worldwide. The journal is becoming accepted as an important medium of high standard refereed papers in acoustics and vibration. Currently the journal is produced in St. Petersburg, Russia by the managing editor, Professor Nickolay Ivanov and his able staff. Dr. Hanno Heller acts as Editor-in-chief. In 1998 IIAV also concluded an agreement with the Academic Press and the Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV), edited by Professor Philip E. Doak, to recognize JSV as an official publication medium for IIAV members. IIAV continues to publish a newsletter for its members and others using electronic mail. The International Digest of Sound and Vibration (ISVD) is published about twice a year when sufficient news items are received from members and others. The ISVD has proved useful to IIAV members particularly in countries where communications are difficult or slow. In 1997 IIAV joined the number of organizations with their own websites. The IIAV website at http:/www.iiav.org/ contains a considerable amount of information on IIAV, including bylaws, lists of officers and directors, information about the journal IJAV and the digest ISVD (including back issues), and links to IUTAM and the Sixth and Seventh International Congress websites. ( http://icsv6.dat.dtu.dk/ and http://iiav.org/icsv7.html) The first election of IIAV was held in December 1997 to elect the first President of IIAV, and vice-presidents, secretary, and treasurer and 20 IIAV directors. However with the untimely death of Sir James Lighthill, the first elected IIAV President, in July 1998, Dr. Hanno Heller has graciously agreed to serve as IIAV President until December 1999 as required by the IIAV bylaws. Directors serve for four years and thus each year five new directors must be elected. The second IIAV election is currently being concluded to elect the Vice-President for Professional Relations and five new directors. IIAV cooperates with a growing number of scientific societies or similar organizations (currently 23) in all continents (see the IIAV webpage for complete details.) These societies are known as affiliated societies and organizations. IIAV views these relationships as very important. One such important cooperation is with the Federacao Iberoamericana de Acustica (the Ibero-american Federation of Acoustics or FIA) which comprises all of the South American Acoustical Societies and those of Spain and Portugal. The FIA webpage (http://www.fia.ufsc.br/) is also linked to the IIAV webpage. IIAV was pleased to become affiliated to the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) in August 1997. The affiliation was confirmed at the IUTAM meeting in Stuttgart in August 1998. The IUTAM website (http://www.iutam.org/ ) and the IIAV website ( http://www.iiav.org/ ) are now linked together. Malcolm J. Crocker Executive Director IIAV Department of Mechanical Engineering 202 Ross Hall Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849, USA e-mail: mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu fax: 334-844-3306 tel: 334-844-3310 ITEM 2: NEW SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED TO IIAV We are very pleased to announce that since the last issue of the Digest was sent to you the following scientific societies and organizations have become affiliated to the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV) (as cooperating member organizations): 1) The South African Acoustics Institute 2) East European Acoustical Association 3) The Italian Audiology Society 4) The Ukrainian Group of Acousticians 5) The Ukrainian Technical Committee N130, "Acoustical Techniques." Please note that the IIAV also maintains a webpage at http://iiav.org to keep members and other interested persons informed of its activities. Further information about IIAV including details concerning application procedures for individual membership in IIAV and scientific societies with affiliation to IIAV can also be found there. Scientific societies and other organizations with a strong interest in Acoustics and/or Vibration may apply for affiliation by writing to the IIAV Executive Director listed in ITEM 1 of this digest. Malcolm J. Crocker Executive Director mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu ITEM 3: THE SOUTH AFRICAN ACOUSTICS INSTITUTE (SAAI) The South African Acoustics Institute (SAAI) is a learned society, which sets as its main goal the promotion of the science of Acoustics in Southern Africa. It strives to have research done, to develop new technologies and to promote training, in the broadest sense of the science of Acoustics, inclusive of Vibration. The South African Acoustics Institute became affiliated to the IIAV in February 1999. Since its inception in 1975 the Institute participated in Standardization on a national and an international scale, and established measurement and control procedures in the field of Acoustics. It also participated in the drafting of, and was the driving force behind legislation to control noise pollution in the city community. It is at the moment canvassing to coordinate legislation to achieve a practical set of laws and regulations to promote Noise Pollution control. Members of the Institute partake in the structuring of lectures and courses at the different higher technical teaching institutions in noise control, architectural acoustics, hearing conservation, etc. The membership of the Institute ranges from any person who just has an interest in Acoustics, as Associates, to highly trained academics in research in the field of physics, engineering, pure science, medicine, music, speech and hearing, etc. the latter grouping being the Corporate Members of the Institute. The Institute is proud to count Dr. P. V. Bruel as one of its Honorary Fellows. Submitted by: Dr. G. V. Meij Secretary/Treasurer SAAI vmeij@chips.co.za ITEM 4: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 5-8 July 1999 General Chairman: Finn Jacobsen, Technical University of Denmark Scientific Chairman: Malcolm J. Crocker, Auburn University The Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration will be held in Lyngby, Denmark, about 10 kilometres north of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark and a city of one million people. The congress is sponsored by the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV), the Technical University of Denmark, the Danish Acoustical Society, Odegaard and Danneskiold-Samsoe and Bruel & Kjaer. The congress is organised by IIAV and Department of Acoustic Technology, Technical University of Denmark. TECHNICAL PROGRAMME The Technical Programme commences Monday morning after the official Opening Ceremony at 9:00. The programme includes Keynote and Specialist Keynote Presentations, and invited and contributed papers in many branches of acoustics and vibration, arranged in eight parallel sessions. In addition, workshops and tutorials on specialised topics are offered at a cost of DKK 500. The Congress closes Thursday afternoon. 600 abstracts have been submitted for presentation. An excellent technical programme has been organised by the 49 members of the Scientific Committee; a major exhibition of instrumentation, acoustic materials and scientific software will be on display; and an exciting social programme is in the process of being created. DISTINGUISHED KEYNOTE PAPERS Per V. Bruel, Denmark: Episodes from a century of acoustics Malcolm J. Crocker, USA: Sir James Lighthill and his contributions to science Stewart Glegg, USA: Recent developments in aeroacoustics: The influence of computational fluid dynamics Jean-Louis Guyader, France: State of the art of energy methods used for vibro-acoustic prediction Colin H. Hansen, Australia: Recent advances in the active control of interior noise Philip A. Nelson, England: Some inverse problems in acoustics Andrew F. Seybert, USA: The prediction of sound radiation from real structures SOCIAL PROGRAMME A get-together party will be held at Hotel Scandic Copenhagen, Vester Sogade 6, on Sunday 4 July between 18:00 to 19:30. Monday evening the Municipality of Copenhagen will be hosting a reception in the Copenhagen City Hall. Tuesday evening there is a technical tour to Bruel & Kjaer in Naerum with demonstrations followed by light refreshments. Thursday afternoon there is a farewell reception at the Technical University of Denmark. CONGRESS SECRETARIAT Before, during and after the congress: Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Department of Acoustic Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 352, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Telephone: +45 4525 3930 Telefax: +45 4588 0577 E-mail: icsv6@dat.dtu.dk CONGRESS HOMEPAGE A www-page providing the latest information about the congress is maintained: http://icsv6.dat.dtu.dk. All accepted abstracts are available on the web site, and a Registration Form can be printed out and faxed to the Congress Secretariat. ITEM 5: SPECIAL SESSION ON AEROACOUSTICS IN MEMORY OF SIR JAMES LIGHTHILL A number of notable scientists will present of papers in the Special Sessions on Aeroacoustics in memory of Sir James Lighthill. These sessions will be held at the Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration in Copenhagen 5-8 July 1999. There has been a good response, and I list the participants who have agreed to give a paper so far in Sir James' memory. Written versions of the papers will be printed in the Proceedings of the Sixth Congress. More details concerning these papers can be found at the website: http://icsv6.dat.dtu.dk or accessed through the IIAV website at http://www.iiav.org We have plans to publish extended versions of this group of papers either in the IIAV Journal, the IJAV(after suitable review) or in a special Aeroacoustics book in Sir James' memory. _____________________________________________________________________________ PARTICIPANTS IN THE TWO LIGHTHILL SESSIONS: "A HALF CENTURY OF AEROACOUSTICS" July 5, 1999 1) Sebastien Candel, France. NUMERICAL AEROACOUSTICS 2) Luis Campos, Portugal. SOUND GENERATED BY MOVING SURFACES IN A FLOWING MEDIUM 3) P. E. Doak, UK. ON THE FREE FIELD RESPONSE OF TOTAL ENTHALPY WAVES 4) F. Farassat, USA. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE ACOUSTIC ANALOGY TO HIGH SPEED ROTATING MACHINERY NOISE 5) J.E. Ffowcs Williams, UK. SOUND GENERATED AERODYNAMICALLY 6) Marvin Goldstein, USA. SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JET NOISE MODELING 7) Daniel Juve & Christophe Bailey, France. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FLOW NOISE GENERATION AND PROPAGATION 8) Shojiro Kaji, Japan. FAN NOISE REDUCTION BASED ON A NEW CONCEPT 9) Geoffrey Lilley, UK. THE CONVECTED WAVE EQUATION FOR AERODYNAMIC NOISE 10) Christopher Morfey, UK. AEROACOUSTICS OF TURBULENT FLOWS WITH DISSIPATION 11) Frank Obermeier & Willi Moering, Germany. VORTICITY THE VOICE OF FLOWS 12) Jack Seiner, USA. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR REDUCTION OF HIGH SPEED JET NOISE Malcolm J. Crocker Scientific Chair, Sixth Congress mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu ITEM 6: SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION We are very pleased to inform you of the SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION (ICSV7) which will be held from July 4 - 7, 2000, in the modern Convention Center of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the famous mountain resort in the Bavarian Alps, Germany, about one hour by car or train South of Munich. The congress is sponsored by the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration, IIAV, (an international scientific society affiliated to the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, IUTAM) and the Bavarian State Ministry for Regional Development and Environmental Affairs There will be a number of keynote papers including those by: Leo L. Beranek, Cambridge, Mass, USA, "Concert Hall Acoustics" David J. Ewins, London, England, "Modal Testing" Christopher Morfey, Southampton, England, "Aeroacoustics" Siegfried Wagner, Stuttgart, Germany, "Noise Prediction Methods for Rotary Wings." We shall be pleased if you can attend the 7th Congress in Garmisch and present a paper on Acoustics or Vibration. Should you wish to present a paper on another subject, please see the list of topics covered by the congress in the enclosed brochure. If you would like to submit an abstract, then please fill out the expression of interest form in the brochure included with this letter and FAX it to the Congress Secretariat as soon as possible. You can also respond by e-mail. Congress Secretariat ICSV7 CSM, Congress & Seminar Management Industriestrasse 35, D-82194 Groebenzell, Germany Tel.: ++49 8142 570183, Fax: ++49 8142 54735 e-mail: info@csm-congress.de The Secretariat will then send you congress registration forms and instructions about preparation of your abstract. Detailed information on the ICSV7 is available from the congress web-site http://www.iiav.org (click congresses, and then Garmisch 2000). This will be periodically updated. The IIAV officers and directors hope that you will be able to attend the Congress and present a paper. We look forward to seeing you in Garmisch in July 2000. Very sincerely yours, Hanno Heller President IIAV (1999) General Congress Chairman Malcolm Crocker Executive Director IIAV Chairman of the Scientific Committee ====================================================== The 7th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 4 - 7 July 2000 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Sponsored by the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV) an international scientific society affiliated to the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) and the Bavarian State Ministry for Regional Development and Environmental Affairs General Congress Chair Hanno Heller, Germany Organizing Committee Chair Alois Heiss, Germany Scientific Committee Chair Malcolm Crocker, USA Scientific Committee: Heinz Antes, Germany Jeremy Astley, New Zealand Hans Boden, Sweden Luis Bento Coelho, Portugal Marion Burgess, Australia John Davy, Australia Neville Fletcher, Australia Chris Fuller, USA Lothar Gaul, Germany Samir Gerges, Brazil Barry Gibbs, UK Colin Hansen, Australia Maria Heckl, UK Hugh Hunt, UK Nickolay Ivanov, Russia Finn Jacobsen, Denmark Stephen Kirkup, UK Peter Koeltzsch, Germany Krish Krishnappa, Canada Dietrich Kuhner, Germany Ravi Margasahayam, USA Dan Marghitu, USA Yasuo Mitani, Japan Michael Moser, Germany David Newland, UK Michael Norton, Australia Martin Ochmann, Germany Hitoshi Ogawa, Japan Mitsuo Ohta, Japan Jie Pan, Australia Wolfgang Probst, Germany Terry Scharton, USA Aldo Sestieri, Italy Andy Seybert, USA Manuel Sobreira, Spain Scott Sommerfeldt, USA Nabuo Tanaka, Japan Osman Tokhi, UK Jan Verheij, Netherlands Klaus Wogram, Germany ====================================================== General Congress Chair: Dr. Hanno Heller, Germany Chair Scientific Committee: Dr. Malcolm Crocker, USA Chair Organizing Committee: Dr. Alois Heiss, Germany Congress home page http://www.iiav.org (click: Congresses, Garmisch 2000) Scientific information ICSV7 Congress General Chairman Dr. Hanno Heller c/o DLR, Lilienthalplatz 7, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Tel.: ++49 531 295 2170, Fax: ++49 531 295 2320, e-mail: Hanno.Heller@dlr.de All other inquiries should be addressed to the Congress Secretariat ICSV7 CSM, Congress & Seminar Management Industriestrasse 35, D-82194 Groebenzell, Germany Tel.: ++49 8142 570183, Fax: ++49 8142 54735, e-mail: info@csm-congress.de CONGRESS VENUE Garmisch is located in one of the most beautiful areas of Bavaria in Southern Germany. The new Garmisch Convention Center (with free parking space) is equipped with the latest technical visual and communication facilities, offering perfect logistics and numerous conference meeting rooms (with spectacular views of the surrounding park and mountains). ACCOMMODATION Hotels for every budget, located within walking distance of the Convention Center, provide convenient accommodation. SOCIAL PROGRAM An excellent program for accompanying persons will be offered. For all congress participants there will be a get-together reception with the Burghermeister. A conference banquet in the famous "Bayernhalle" ("Bavarian Hall") will be offered with local entertainment and lots of beer (other drinks, like mountain spring water available upon request!). CONGRESS PROGRAM The Congress program will include plenary keynote addresses, one of which will be given by the renowned acoustician Leo L. Beranek on "Concert Hall Acoustics". There will be tutorials on specialized topics and invited and contributed papers in the areas of sound and vibration, as listed below. ABSTRACT SUBMITTAL If you wish to submit an abstract (200 words) pertaining to one of the subject areas, please do so before 1 November 1999 by sending/faxing it to the Congress Secretariat. KEY DATES ò Submission (to the Congress Secretariat) of 200 word abstract no later than 1 November 1999 ò Notification of acceptance 15 January 2000 ò Manuscripts (8 printed pages) due 15 April 2000 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Theoretical and experimental research papers in the following areas are solicited: ò Active vibration control ò Active noise control ò Aeroacoustics ò Architectural acoustics ò Boundary element and finite element methods ò Condition monitoring and diagnostics ò Damping - passive and active ò Environmental/community noise ò Human response to sound and vibration ò Inverse methods ò Low frequency noise and vibration ò Machinery noise and vibration control ò Materials for noise and vibration control ò Measurement techniques ò Mechanisms of human hearing ò Modal analysis ò Musical acoustics ò Noise control elements ò Non-destructive testing ò Non-linear acoustics and vibration ò Numerical methods ò Occupational noise exposure and control ò Outdoor sound propagation ò Scattering of sound ò Signal processing ò Sound intensity ò Sound sources ò Sound transmission ò Statistical energy analysis ò Structural acoustics and vibration ò Structural intensity ò Transportation vibration and noise ò Underwater acoustics ò Vibration and shock ò Vibration sources ò Wavelet analysis Reply Form (please use block letters and return this form by mail or fax it to the Congress Secretariat ICSV7) Congress Secretariat ICSV/7: Title _________________________________ Last Name _____________________________ First Name ____________________________ Institution ___________________________ Organization __________________________ Postal Address ________________________ Code __________________________________ Country _______________________________ e-mail ________________________________ Phone _________________________________ Fax ___________________________________ I intend to give a paper with the (preliminary) title: ______________________________________________________ o I plan to attend the Congress o I plan to submit an Abstract by 1 Nov.1999 o My company would like to exhibit a product Alternatively, you may directly answer electronically through the Congress Homepage: CSM, Congress & Seminar Management, Industriestrasse 35, D-82194 Groebenzell, Germany Tel.: ++49 8142 570183, Fax.: ++49 8142 54735, e-mail: info@csm-congress.de, http://www.iiav.org (click congresses) ITEM 7: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DESIGNING FOR QUIETNESS (Dec. 12-14, 2000) "Designing for Quietness", an International Symposium, Bangalore, India. Contact: Professor M.L. Munjal, Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 INDIA Fax: +91-80-3341648, E-mail: munjal@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in Sponsored by IUTAM, IIAV & ASI It is being increasingly recognized that noise is not only a nuisance but also is often a measure of wasted energy or an indication of a badly designed/fabricated/maintained machine, or a symptom of a malfunction. Moreover, the most cost-effective way for noise control is to control it at the source, or better still to design for quietness. Design engineers need to be taught how to design for quietness through continuing education courses. Quieter Technologies need to be adopted where available and developed where necessary. The proposed International Symposium on Designing for Quietness is a step towards that direction. It will be sponsored by International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM), and cosponsored by the International Institute of Acoustics & Vibration (IIAV) and the Acoustical Society of India. Therefore, it will attract specialists from all over the world as well as from within India. Probably, it will be the first symposium anywhere in the world on this important concept in the field of environmental noise control. The majority of the papers will be of invited nature. Nevertheless, designers from all industries in India and abroad are welcome to participate in the Symposium. The Proceedings of the Symposium will be published in a single volume, and are expected to form the basis of a monograph on the emerging area of designing for quietness. The applications will include internal combustion engines, automobiles, climate control systems, fans, compressors, turbines, high pressure venting systems, control valves, electrical motors, HVAC systems, portable gensets, DG Sets, etc. Design of buildings and factories for quietness will also be covered. Members of the Scientific Committee: Dr. M.L. Munjal Chairman Prof. Malcolm J Crocker, Executive Director IIAV, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, 201 Ross Hall, Auburn AL 36849-3501, USA Prof. Frank J Fahy, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. Prof. T.L. Geers, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. Prof. Colin H Hansen, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. Dr. Tor Kihlman, Dept. of Building Acoustics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. Dr. Gary Koopman, Director, Centre for Acoustics and Vibration, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Penn State University, 329 Reber Building, Univ. Park, PA 16802-1414, USA. Dr. Michael Moser, Director Institut fur Technische Akustik, Technische Universitat, Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, 10587 Berlin, Germany Prof. W. Schiehlen, Institute B of Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany J For more details contact: Professor M.L. Munjal, Convener, Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India. Fax: +91-80-3341648 E-mail: munjal@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in ITEM 8: INTERACTIVE WEB-WORKSHOP AND BOOK ON ACTIVE CONTROL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION CALL FOR PAPERS The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) B1 (Control Theory) Committee is organising an interactive electronic workshop (colloquium) on recent advances in the area of active control of sound and vibration. The event will be held during a two-weeks period from 31 May to 11 June 1999. PURPOSE The purpose of this colloquium is to report on new research findings in the area of active sound and vibration control through exploiting the available technological advances of electronic communication provided through the Internet. Thus, we are embarking on a new and exciting mode of communication and venue for holding a scientific meeting where participants can interact with one another in a coordinated manner from the comfort of their office/desk. SCOPE AND CONTRIBUTIONS The colloquium will cover topics on the analysis, design and implementation methodologies; new applications; as well as practical experiences with industrial applications of active sound and vibration control. Thus, contributions are invited to fall within the following (non-exhaustive) list of general topics * Active control of vibration in 1D/2D/3D structures. * Active control of sound in 1D/3D propagation media. * Active Feedback control methods. * Active Feedforward control methods. * Active Hybrid feedback/feedforward control methods. * Active control of sound radiation and transmission. * Active control of outdoor sound propagation. * Industrial applications of active control. * Transducers for active control. * Implementation and system hardware considerations. PUBLICATION Accepted contributions will be published at two levels; a summary on the web and full paper as book chapter. Extended summaries of the papers along with their respective interactive presentations will be published and made available to participants during the colloquium on the Internet. Following the colloquium, authors of selected papers will be invited to provide their full-length paper for inclusion in a book entitled "Progress in Active Sound and Vibration Control" to be edited by Dr Osman Tokhi and Dr Sandor Veres. IMPORTANT DATES Colloquium dates: Monday 31 May - Friday 11 June 1999. Submission of full paper (book chapter): Monday 30 August 1999. For enquiries and further information please contact: Sophie Curwen at: scurwen@iee.org.uk. ITEM 9. CONFERENCE: NOVEM 2000 The International Conference on NOISE & VIBRATION PRE-DESIGN ANFD CHARACTERISATION USING ENERGY METHODS (NOVEM 2000) will eb held at the Lyon Congress Centre, 31 August - 2 September 2000. For indfoemation contact: LVA, INSA de Lyon, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France, tel: +33 4 7243 8707, fax: + 33 4 7243 8712, e-mail: novem@lva.insa-lyon.fr http://lva.insa-lyon.fr/novem2000 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ITEM 10: NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ACOUSTICS (NSA-99) The National Symposium on Acoustics for 1999 will be held at Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, South India, September 23-24 1999, under the auspices of the Acoustical Society of India. The theme for NSA-99 is 'Recent trends in materials characterisation and acoustic transducers'. Nevertheless, manuscripts are welcome in all areas of Pure Acoustics and Applied Acoustics. For detailed information about the preparation and submission of the manuscripts and other related information, the prospective authors and participants may contact : Dr. V. Rajendran, Convenor Head, Department of Physics Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Mepco Engineering College (PO) - 626 005 Virudhunagar (via), Tamil Nadu, India Ph (Off) : 04562 - 22267, 57540, 57550 (Res) : 04562 - 46409 Fax : 04562 - 57520 Email : mepcoeng@md3.vsnl.net.in ITEM 11: CONFERENCE: INTERNOISE '99 The 1999 International Symposium on Active Control of Sound and Vibration will be held Dec. 2-4, 1999 in Ft. Lauderdale, FL. INTER-NOISE 99 will be held Dec. 6-8, 1999 at the same venue. Abstracts for both meetings are due May 4. More information, including the Call for Papers, can be found at www.ince.org. ITEM 12: FACILITY FOR RESEARCH IN TECHNICAL ACOUSTICS (FRITA) With increasing industrialization and consequent urbanization, the environment is getting more and more noisy. While machinery noise affects the industrial workers only, automotive noise affects everybody - drivers, passengers, passers-by and the neighborhood. Of late, globalization of industries in India has thrown up another problem. Automobiles, earth moving equipment and machine tools, etc. cannot be sold abroad particularly to the western countries, primarily because these do not satisfy the ambient noise limits prescribed in those countries. Even in India, public awareness about the harmful effects of excessive noise exposure has been increasing. It is being increasingly recognized that noise is not only a nuisance but also is often a measure of wasted energy or an indication of a badly designed/fabricated/maintained machine, or a symptom of a malfunction. Central Pollution Control Board of the Department of Environment has gazetted limits on noise exposure of industrial workers, noise radiation by new and old automobiles, etc. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has included noise in the environmental impact analysis required for new industries. For the last 30 years, Prof. Munjal has been providing consultancy for automotive and industrial noise control. Obviously, a handful of consultants like him cannot serve the entire country of India's size. Moreover, the most cost effective way for noise control is to control it at the source, or better still, to design for quietness. Design engineers need to be taught how to design for quietness through continuing education courses. Quieter technologies need to be adopted where available and developed where necessary. Appreciating this need, Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India identified Technical Acoustics as one of the important emerging areas and decided to set up a "Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics" (FRITA) at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, with Prof. M. L. Munjal as Convener. This facility is deemed as a constituent of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Institute at this stage. If and when it develops to its full size, it may be separated from the department and located in a separate building as an independent entity. In its first phase (1996-97), it was called the Centre of Excellence for Technical Acoustics. The primary objectives of FRITA include: a. Disseminating knowledge about quieter technologies sections of industry by means of short courses; b. Development of quieter technologies where necessary; c. Acting as a clearing house for all problems about noise pollution referred to it by the Central Pollution Control Board and/or State Pollution Control Boards in India; d. Developing a course on designing for quietness for the engineering undergraduates; e. Offering consultancy services for control of noise from existing machines or industries; f. Creating public awareness about development of quieter socio-religious living habits; and g. Collaborating with similar centers/institutions abroad through exchange visits for development of quieter technologies. Started in October 1998, the facility for Research in Technical Acoustics will get all infrastructure funding from the Department of Science and Technology. However, it is supposed to earn most of its working expenses from industrial consultancy. Submitted by M.J. Munjal E-mail: munjal@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in ITEM 13: SIR JAMES LIGHTHILL, 1924-1998 Sir James Lighthill was considered by many of his contemporaries to be one of the greatest applied mathematicians and physicists of the Twentieth Century. His papers on jet noise theory written in the 1950s were the first on this topic and have become extremely famous and are referenced extensively. He also did much important original work in many other areas including shock wave theory, biofluid-dynamics, wave mechanics, oceanography, atmospheric dynamics, tropical cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes, and magnetohydrodyanmics which has been partly overshadowed by his jet noise papers. He regarded every obstacle whether it was a mathematical or physical problem, learning a foreign language or piece of piano music, or attempting one of his famous "adventure swims" as simply a challenge to be overcome by his scientific intellect, physical endurance and strength. His scientific papers are characterized by their lucidity and the interdisciplinary perspective with which he views the physics of the problem under consideration. Lighthill would normally study a physical problem breaking it into a number of clearly defined sub-problems with which he would "attack" with powerful mathematical tools. And if the mathematical tools did not exist he would invent his own. His books: "Introduction to Fourier Analysis", Cambridge, 1958 and "Higher Approximation in Aerodynamic Theory", Princeton, 1960 are early illustrations of his brilliance in these areas. Sir James was also an able and energetic administrator as Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough 1959-1964 and Provost, University College, London, 1979-1989. Nor did his retirement in 1989 put a stop to his scientific enquiries and publications which he continued extensively to the end. Michael James Lighthill was born in 1924 in Paris. He excelled at his high school, Winchester, in England and at the early age of 15 he won a place at Trinity College at Cambridge University which he did not take until two year later. His bachelors degree at Cambridge was finished in only two years in 1941 because of wartime stringencies ("We were pushed out after two years because of the War"). For the remainder of the Second World War, he worked on supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics first as Junior Scientific Officer then as Scientific Officer in the Aerodynamics Division of the National Physical Laboratories and where he published his first paper in 1944 just before his twentieth birthday. For a short period from 1945-1946 he returned to Trinity College as a research fellow. In 1946 Lighthill went to Manchester University as a senior lecturer and in 1950 he was named Beyer Professor of Applied Mathematics succeeding Sydney Goldstein. Lighthill's 13 years at Manchester were some of the most fruitful and vigorous of his career. He built up such a powerful fluid mechanics group that it had few, if any, rivals anywhere. He worked with many doctoral students and at one time fully 17 held chairs at universities in the United Kingdom. During his time in Manchester, Lighthill worked on high-speed fluid dynamics including reentry aerodynamics, magneto-hydrodynamics and diffraction of shock and blast waves. But he also initiated two new fields of study: aeroacoustics and non-linear acoustics. The first was evidenced by his now famous papers published by the Royal Society in 1952and 1954 "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically - Parts I and II." These papers contain his acoustic analogy in which the Navier Stokes Equations are manipulated into an inhomogeneous wave equation with a non-linear right hand side with terms that are treated as acoustic source terms. It is said that Lighthill developed the mathematical ideas for the first of these papers in only two weeks but for 16 months held off submitting it for publication until he had worked and reworked his results making the mathematical implications of more use in jet engine design. Significantly being the seminal work in this field, this paper has no references. These two papers have received considerable citations in the literature and have remained, for over a half-century, the starting point for all studies in aerodynamic and jet noise. Of immediate and continuing practical importance in jet engine design, is Lighthill's finding that the acoustic power radiated from a jet is proportional to the eighth power of the exhaust velocity. This fact, together with improved fuel efficiency, has been one of the main motivations for the move to turbofan engines -- jet engines with higher bypass ratios (engines that move more air with lower exhaust velocities). The second field of study, non-linear acoustics began in 1956 with Lighthill's 100-page article "Viscosity Effects in Sound Waves of Finite Amplitude" which was written to celebrate G. I Taylor's 70th birthday. In this survey article he included, along with viscosity, all of the other physical effects that produce dissipation in intense sound waves. In 1959, at the age of only 35, Lighthill became director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough. ("A position I couldn't refuse. I would not have changed it for the world.") During this six year period he directed the work of a staff of 8000, fully 1400 of whom were engineers and scientists. Although many were 20 years his senior, they, recognizing his scientific genius, accepted his leadership and during that time he built the RAE into one of the premier aeronautical research institutions in the world. He was involved in examining and approving the details of every report produced by the RAE. During this period he worked on the aerodynamics of the Concorde's delta wing, projected successor hypersonic passenger aircraft (which were not developed because of economic constraints), automatic landing systems, the development of communications satellites, and the feasibility of using high altitude aircraft as launch platforms for spacecraft. Towards the end of his time at the RAE, he became dissatisfied with the attention that scientific societies were paying to applied mathematics and he helped found the Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications. He later served as its first President from 1964-1966. In 1964 Lighthill became the Royal Society research professor at Imperial College, London. Here he began his investigations and mathematical explanations of biofluid-dynamics. These involved the flying of birds and insects, the swimming of fish and reptiles, blood flow, and wave propagation and acoustic energy flow in the cochlea. In 1969 Lighthill became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University where his immediate predecessor was Paul Dirac and many years earlier Isaac Newton. He stayed in this position for 10 years. During this period he lectured frequently and energetically to students, developed his research interests and areas further into acoustics and wave motion with studies on active control of sound, oceanography and predictions of propagation of tropical cyclones and monsoons and on other topics including control systems. It was during this period also that he published two of his books including "Mathematical Biofluiddynamics", SIAM, Philadelphia, 1975 and "Waves in Fluids", Cambridge, 1978. In 1979 Lighthill accepted an administrative position as Provost of University College London. As chief administrator he threw himself into his new position with vigour. He energetically developed new areas at the college in biotechnology and life sciences. He also was involved in fund raising for the College and he was instrumental in improving the representation of women in senior positions at the College. His administrative duties did not prevent his continuation of his scientific work and publications. He continued to publish widely including "An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics," Oxford, 1986. After retirement in 1989, Lighthill became Honorary Research fellow at University College and he continued his very active involvement in scientific work to the end. He continued his written publications and also an extensive involvement with the work of many scientific societies. In 1995 he helped to found the new International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV). "I helped to initiate the IIAV, an international interdisciplinary body having individual members devoted to areas of study.... in acoustics and the mechanics of solids and fluids." He acted as founding President of IIAV and the first elected President from December 1997. He contributed two articles to the new refereed journal of IIAV, The International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (IJAV). He continued to present many keynote papers including those at IIAV congresses on "Hearing and the Cochlea" at the Fourth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1996, "A Century of Shock Wave Dynamics" at the Fifth Congress in Adelaide, Australia in 1997 and a planned "Fifty Years of Aeroacoustics" at the Sixth Congress in Copenhagen in 1999. He gave the closing general lecture at 19th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM) Kyoto, Japan in 1996 on "Typhoons, Hurricanes and Fluid Mechanics." Sir James was an accomplished lecturer and could entertain and delight the audience with his speeches and his knowledge of many languages. He was famous for his gestures and physical movements during his lectures whether he was demonstrating sound radiation from Monopoles, Dipoles and Quadrupoles, the flight of insects or birds, and the inrush of moist air and its subsequent rapid rise at the eye-wall of a tropical cyclone (from sea level to the stratosphere base). Sir James, although sharing authorship of some of his papers with his colleagues, he rarely allowed his name to be added to papers written by his students. Sir James Lighthill received many honours and awards. He was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1953 at the age of 29 and received the gold medals of the Royal Society in 1964 and Royal Aeronautical Society in 1965. He served on several UK governmental scientific advisory bodies. He was knighted as "Sir James Lighthill" by Queen Elizabeth II in 1971. He received 24 honorary doctorates from universities in England, France, Germany, Portugal, Russia, Ukraine and the United States of America. He was an honorary foreign member of 11 learned societies in France, Italy, India, The Netherlands, Russia and the USA. He was President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) from 1984-1988. His complete works "Collected Papers of Sir James Lighthill" (including the majority of his published papers) was published by Oxford University Press in four volumes in 1997. (see the review in the December 1997 issue of IJAV.) In reading these collected papers one is made even more aware of Lighthill's mathematical powers and breadth of knowledge in many scientific fields and struck by the similarities that can be observed with Lord Rayleigh's mathematical versatility, physical understanding and scientific career. Sir James Lighthill was conversant in several languages including French, German, Portuguese and Russian. Before a three-week visit to Russia to tour aircraft establishments in the 1960s he dedicated his efforts to learning Russian and mastered it in a few months. Later he was able to give after-dinner speeches in Russian. ("Sir James spoke to us in Russian. He recited some Pushkin poetry. His Russian is very good!") He learned Portuguese faster, however, and he is said to have mastered it in three weeks. ("Before I go (to Portugal) I read one or two novels to brush up.") Stories about Sir James abound. For instance in 1959 when he was the Beyer Professor at Manchester University he was dismayed to find that the Irish Mail express train did not stop at Crewe as he had expected. He managed to convince a guard on duty that he was lightly loaded with only a briefcase and could easily jump out and close the door behind him, as he did successfully when the train went through Chester at 15 kilometres per hour. But British Railways took the matter seriously and after an inquiry fined him one pound sterling! He also successfully defended himself against speeding charges more than once by explaining to the magistrate in court that as Lucasian Professor, he had a duty to the laws of mechanics not to waste energy by applying the brakes on any downhill stretch of road. Sir James listed his leisure interests as music and swimming. He was an accomplished pianist and recently played the piano accompaniment for some songs by Richard Strauss. But swimming was almost a passion. He swam regularly (" I swim three hours a week in a lake in London.") When opportunities presented themselves during his travels all around the world he would undertake "adventure swims" often in rough conditions. ("I can survive the rough seas and waves because I understand wave motion." He would carefully study the currents and tides before he would take one of his long distance adventure swims. I observed the currents and tides for several hours each day before swimming." He became the first to swim around the island of Sark (one of the Channel Islands between England and France) in nine hours using his favorite back stroke (arms and legs alternately in unison). He repeated this feat five more times but on July 17 in inclement weather with strong winds he died of a heart attack near the end of his nine-hour swim. He was at the height of his powers. Malcolm J. Crocker mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu (A longer version of this obituary will be presented as an invited paper at the Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 5-8, 1999) ITEM 14: MIHAI I. BUCULEI (1942-1998) Mihai Buculei was considered one of the most outstanding professors in applied mechanics. He made many valuable and diverse contributions to mechanics, teaching and research. His peers in Romania and elsewhere around the world have already recognized his achievements as an innovative and excellent teacher and researcher. Mihai Buculei was born in 1942 in Craiova, Romania. He excelled at his high school, Carol College. He had two MS degrees: one in mechanical engineering from Polytechnic Institute of Timisoara and the other in mathematics from the University of Craiova. His doctoral degree in mechanical engineering was from Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest. For the last eight years, Mihai Buculei acted as Dean of the Faculty of Mechanics in Craiova. Buculei authored over two hundred journal articles, conference publications, and books. Buculei is better known for his achievements in the fields of the vibration of multi-body systems with linear-elastic links, and the control of hydrodynamic systems and dynamics. We mourn with his children, Mihaela and Stefan, and offer our most sincere condolences. Mihai Buculei will be deeply missed. Submitted by: Dan B. Marghitu E-mail: marghitu@eng.auburn.edu ITEM 15: M.S. THESIS Vasudeva R. Kothamasu, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA Major Professor: A. Selamet Title: Effect of Intake and Exhaust Elements on Sound Attenuation and Engine Performance: An Experimental and Computational Investigation Vasudeva Kothamasu graduated in September 1998 with an MS degree from the Mechanical Engineering Department of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Vasudeva now works for Arvin North America at Columbus, Indiana, USA. Abstract of MS Thesis: Sound attenuation in multi-cylinder firing internal combustion engines requires an understanding of the acoustic characteristics of numerous silencers in the induction system, and catalysts and mufflers in the exhaust system. The acoustic behavior of a narrow-band silencer (Helmholtz resonator) and a wide-band silencer (Expansion chamber) in the induction system is studied by performing wide open throttle (WOT) engine dynamometer experiments on a firing 3.0L V-6 engine. Intake system consists of an intake pipe connected to a prototype intake manifold, with one of the silencers or a straight pipe of the same length, no zip tube and no air cleaner. Instantaneous pressure data are acquired at key locations for a number of speeds over the operating range (1000 rpm to 5000 rpm). The sound attenuation characteristics of the Helmholtz resonator and expansion chamber are determined in terms of noise reduction and insertion loss. To improve the understanding of the catalyst and muffler in the exhaust system, engine dynamometer experiments are also conducted with three different exhaust systems: 1) ``Production'' exhaust, including the catalysts on a cross-over pipe and muffler; 2) A ``Base+Catalyst'' exhaust, which replaces the muffler of production exhaust with an equal length straight pipe; and 3) A ``Base'' exhaust system, where the catalysts on the cross-over pipe are replaced, in addition to the muffler, with equal length straight pipes. The instantaneous crank-angle resolved pressure data are acquired at WOT and 500 rpm intervals over the operating range of engine (from 1000 rpm to 5000 rpm) at various locations in all three exhaust systems. The effect of catalyst and muffler is isolated and discussed in terms of noise reduction and insertion loss. The analysis is presented both in terms of time-domain and order-domain. In the present study, the burn duration and mass fraction burned for combustion processes are estimated from the in-cylinder pressure measurements using a modified Rassweiler-Withrow method. Three different approaches are employed to compare the calculated mass fraction burned to a sine-square curve. The present study also describes an ongoing effort towards employing nonlinear fluid dynamic models in the time-domain for the prediction of acoustic and power performance of internal combustion engines. The model predictions for the volumetric efficiency, indicated power and instantaneous pressure and sound pressure levels are compared to the experiments with prototype intake manifold and straight pipe, and Base exhaust system at a number of locations. Submitted by: Ahmet Selamet E-mail: selamet.1@osu.edu ITEM 16: M.S. THESIS Ada Nicole Faulk, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA Major Professors: M.J. Crocker and M. Thakur Title: Measurements of New Piezoelectric Materials and Studies of Active Vibration Control Abstract of M.S. Thesis: The overall objective of the studies on piezoelectric materials described here was to measure the piezoelectric coefficients of novel molecular and polymer materials. In order to measure the coefficients, a test structure was designed to measure the piezoelectric properties of samples in various types and shapes. Measurements of specific commercial ceramics and polymers were made first to calibrate the measurement apparatus designed. The five novel materials that were investigated included: 1)2-cyclooctylamio-5-nitropyridine (COANP), 2) poled poly-disperse red-19-toluenediisocyantate (pdr19-tdi), and 3) three samples (BY1, BY2, and BY3) from the MER Corporation which are combinations of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Thin crystals of 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine (COANP), and poly-disperse red-19 toluenediisocyanate (pdr19-tdi) was poled using an electric field that was ten times the thickness of the sample in volts. The piezoelectric measurements were made at low frequencies (~ 10-100 Hz) The overall objective of the vibration control part of this research was to study active vibration control procedures using computer studies. It was decided to use existing software (such as Matlab and Simulink) to model the experiment setup of a beam and a beam and actuator. The model was used to determine the effects of active damping when an actuator was added to a beam. A code, using Matlab, was developed to produce an approximate analytical representation of the transfer functions, which were determined experimentally for the beam and of the beam and the actuator setups. The transfer functions were used in the Simulink software to model the setup for the beam and actuator. A PID controller was used to reduce the vibration of the beam in the computer studies. Submitted by: M. J. Crocker E-mail: mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu ITEM 17: Ph.D. THESIS Name: Ard Kuijpers Title: Acoustic modeling and design of MRI scanners Major Professors: J. W. Verheij and D. H. van Campen Keywords: numerical acoustics, boundary element method, low-noise design, duct acoustics, MRI A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner is a medical diagnostic device for imaging of the internal structures of the human body. A well known problem of MRI scanners is their large noise production (up to 90-120 dB(A)) during the scanning process. The noise is produced by the strong vibration of the so-called gradient coil system. In the future, it is expected that new, faster scanning techniques will increase the noise problem. In the interest of patients, operators, and medical staff, it will be necessary to reduce these noise levels considerably in future scanners. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the acoustic performance of the MRI scanner early in the design phase to obtain substantially quieter scanners. A model for the noise production of MRI scanners can be subdivided in two parts: a structural and an acoustic part. The structural part of the model deals with the generation of structural vibrations due to Lorentz forces excitations. The acoustic part describes the transformation of the structural vibrations into audible noise. This thesis only deals with models for the acoustic part of the noise problem. In a companion doctoral thesis, \citet{kess99} covers the structural part of the MRI noise problem and structural-acoustic optimization techniques. An adequate acoustic model for low-noise design of MRI scanners should satisfy two important demands: the model must incorporate the relevant aspects of the MRI scanner noise problem and at the same time be practically manageable for the developers of MRI scanners. Therefore, the objective of research presented in this thesis is twofold. On the one hand the research is aimed at the development of accurate and efficient numerical tools to model the noise problem of the MRI scanner. On the other hand it tries to identify the acoustically relevant parameters in the design of a more quiet MRI scanner. In order to reach the first part of the objective, the development of accurate and efficient numerical tools, three acoustic formulations were developed to model the acoustic radiation of the MRI scanner: * A semi-analytical formulation for the acoustic radiation of a finite duct with open ends mounted with infinite flanges. * An acoustic boundary element method (BEM) with Fourier elements. * A modal description of the acoustics based on the radiation modes formulation. The semi-analytical formulation was developed to gain insight into the physics of this specific acoustic problem. The method is derived within the general linear duct acoustics theory. The acoustic field inside the finite duct with infinite flanges is described with Fourier-Bessel duct modes. The reflection of acoustic waves at the duct's exits is described with reflection coefficients. Due to the use of special integration techniques, the efficiency of this method, compared to element based discretization methods, was further improved. Moreover, the formulation offers more insight into the acoustic characteristics of these baffled, finite duct-like structures. However, this model is only applicable to model scanners with a simplified bore having a constant cross section. Therefore, this model should be used primarily for exploratory design studies of general influence parameters, not for detailed acoustic studies of realistically shaped MRI scanners. A Fourier BEM model was developed to enable the acoustic analysis of axisymmetric structures in general and MRI scanners with a more complex geometry in particular. Compared to acoustic calculations with 3-dimensional BEM formulations, the computation times using the Fourier BEM formulation can be reduced from weeks to one hour. For that, the scanner's geometry is assumed to be axisymmetric and the acoustic variables are described with Fourier series in circumferential direction. This splits up the 3-dimensional acoustic radiation problem into a series of `quasi-axisymmetric' radiation problems; one for each Fourier harmonic in the series. The novelty of the Fourier BEM method presented in this thesis lies in the handling of the Fourier integrals in the formulation. Traditionally, these are computed separately for each Fourier harmonic in the series, which requires large computational efforts. By using fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, these Fourier integrals can be computed simultaneously, which causes a considerable speedup, especially when the Fourier series contain more than a few terms. With the radiation modes formulation, it is possible to identify those components of the vibration field that contribute most to the radiated sound power. Through an eigenvalue analysis of the so-called power coupling matrix, the radiation modes and their associated radiation efficiencies can be found. With these, the vibration distribution can be subdivided into radiating and non-radiating components. The radiation mode shapes and efficiencies only depend on the frequency and on the geometry of the radiating surface, not on the structural properties of the radiator. Design alterations to an important class of structural parameters (e.g. the material properties, support or load) only change the boundary conditions of the acoustic problem, not the geometry of the acoustic domain itself. This observation was used in a model reduction technique based on the radiation modes formulation. Using this technique, only one complete acoustic analysis is required for each geometry in a design study. In subsequent acoustic analyses, the results of the first analysis can then be reused. Hence, the total computation time for all acoustic analyses can be drastically reduced. This is especially advantageous in optimization studies. To reach the second part of the research objective, the research on the relevant design parameters for an MRI scanner, the three developed acoustic tools were deployed in a number of preliminary design studies. First, as a rough approximation, the MRI scanner was modeled as a finite duct ending in infinite flanges. This model was analyzed using the semi-analytical formulation. The acoustics of this simplified MRI scanner model, were found to be dominated by so-called near cut-on resonances. These resonances are caused by a high auto-reflection coefficient of a Fourier-Bessel duct mode near its cut-on frequency. The high reflection causes a large amount of the outgoing acoustic wave to be reflected back into the duct. If the phase of outgoing and reflected waves match well, then resonance occurs. This causes peaks in the frequency spectra of the sound power, the sound pressure and the radiation efficiency levels. The geometry of the bore was found to be an acoustically important parameter for the MRI design. MRI scanner models with a more realistically shaped bore were analyzed with the Fourier BEM. For these models, the near cut-on resonances are still visible, but the corresponding peaks in the noise spectra are smaller. This is caused by a gradually increasing radius of the bore towards the ends, which decreases the auto-reflection coefficients and therefore reduces the resonance phenomena. The radius of the part of the bore with constant cross-section determines the location of the cut-on frequencies. The influence on the acoustics of the outer scanner diameter was found to be negligibly small. Another design parameter for the MRI scanner is the presence of a patient in the MRI bore. The influence of the patients position in the scanner and the influence of acoustic absorption of the patient's clothing on the scanner's sound radiation was investigated. The position of the patient was found to have some influence on the location of the `cut-on' frequencies, whereas the clothing absorption seemed to cancel out these effects. Because of the observed small influence on the total noise levels, it is unnecessary for design purposes to model a patient in the MRI scanner. The potential of the developed acoustic tools was demonstrated in a number of parameter studies on MRI scanner models with different bore geometries and different loading conditions. In these studies, the structural composition of the gradient coil system was varied, in order to find a gradient coil system which minimizes the noise production of the MRI scanner. The parameter studies revealed that the radiated sound power and the sound pressure level in the MRI bore respond similarly to design changes, in contrast to the velocity level. This means that the radiated power is an appropriate design objective function, because it is directly related to the noise that is experienced. Additionally, it enables the use of the radiation modes reduction technique. The studies show that the structural composition of the optimal gradient coil system depends on the shape of the MRI bore. This means that different gradient coil system designs should be used for MRI scanners with a different bore shape. Optimum gradient coil system designs are characterized by a mismatch between peaks in the vibration level spectrum and near cut-on resonances. This characteristic is observed both for excitations with only a single and for excitations with multiple circumferential Fourier harmonics. However, with an increasing number of these Fourier harmonics, the number of velocity level peaks and the number of near cut-on resonances also increases. Therefore, the mismatch between vibration level peaks and cut-on resonances will be harder to achieve. This results in a smoothening of the noise spectra and a smaller range between optimal and `worst-case' acoustic designs when the excitation contains more circumferential Fourier harmonics. Nevertheless, this range is still very significant for the design. The preliminary design studies showed that the developed acoustic tools combined with the structural tools of Kessels (1999} enable a relatively easy and low-cost evaluation of the influence of design changes on the acoustic radiation of MRI scanners. This makes the use of these kinds of acoustic tools in an industrial design environment for MRI scanners or other axisymmetric structures viable. Submitted by: Jan W. Verheij verheij@tpd.tno.nl ITEM 18: ON THE FRACTAL NATURE OF LOW-FREQUENCY SOUND ATTENUATION IN THE OCEAN Yu. P. Lysanov and L. M. Lyamshev Andreev Acoustics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shvernik Str. 4, Moscow, 117036 Russia; e-mail: bvp@akin.ru According to experimental data obtained in various regions of the World Ocean, the frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient beta of the low-frequency sound follows the law beta ( f^(3/2), where the symbol ^ throughout this article stands for 'raised to the power', and f is the sound frequency. All measurements were carried out in the conditions of the underwater sound channel (USC) because at low frequencies sound attenuation is very small and can be detected only at rather long acoustic tracks. At present time various authors have suggested some different empirical relationships approximating the results of field measurements [1]. In particular, the Sheehy-Halley formula is well known [2] Beta = 0.036f^(3/2), dB/km, where f is the frequency of sound in kilohertz. Averaged over a large body of field data a more recent formula has the form [1] Beta = (1.65 + 26.36f ^(1.45))(10-3, dB/km, where the frequency dependence is also close to the law f ^(3/2). This formula describes mean values of the attenuation coefficient by the best way in the range 0.1 - 5.0 kHz. There are numerous experimental data which witness that random volume inhomogeneities (fluctuations of the refractive index) existing in the deep ocean are highly anisotropic. They are large-scale in the horizontal plane and small-scale on depth [3]. Sound scattering by random volume inhomogeneities in the ocean has been considered in the approximation of the small perturbation method (SPM). It is shown that if the large-scale inhomogeneities are fractals with the dimension D = 1.5, the scattering of sound by the inhomogeneities - fractals and the leakage of scattered waves of the underwater sound channel result in sound attenuation that follows the frequency law "3/2". The fractal dimension of the inhomogeneities coincides with the exponent of the frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient, which is specific for unordered, fractal media [4]. Hentschel and Procaccia [5] in the framework of the relative turbulent diffusion theory calculated the fractal dimension of cloud boundaries in the atmosphere. According to these calculations, their dimension is 1.35 < D < 1.41. Note that above we essentially dealt with the fractal dimension of boundaries of the volume inhomogeneities in the ocean because we considered fractal properties of large-scale fluctuations in the horizontal plane. It can be seen that the fractal dimension of cloud boundaries almost coincides with the fractal dimension of boundaries of volume inhomogeneities in the ocean Lovejoy and Schertzer [6] noted that since the atmosphere is a stratified medium, then clouds generally are not self-similar but self-affine. In this connection, clouds in the atmosphere are considered as multifractals. All the aforesaid about clouds in the atmosphere may be referred to volume inhomogeneities in the stratified ocean. Therefore, one can speak about random volume inhomogeneities (refractive index fluctuations) in the ocean as multifractals with the inherent spectrum of fractal dimensions (spectrum of singularities). As noted above, the analysis of a great body of experimental data obtained in various oceanic regions showed that the frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient in the range 0.1 - 5.0 kHz follows the law f ^(1.45) [1]. According to theory [4], if the exponent of the frequency dependence of the sound attenuation coefficient is 1.45, then the fractal dimension of the boundary of the inhomogeneity - a cloud in the ocean D = 1.45. Furthermore, the fractal dimension of "cloud" boundaries in the ocean is more close to the fractal dimension of clouds in the atmosphere. Calculated on the basis of this model, numerical values of the attenuation coefficient also agree with averaged field data. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, projects no. 98-05-64302 and no. 96-02-16160. REFERENCES 1. R. A. Vadov, Attenuation of Low-Frequency Sound in the Ocean, in Topics on Ocean Acoustics, Moscow: Nauka, 31 (1984) 2. M. T. Sheehy, R. Halley, Measurement of the Attenuation of Low-Frequency Sound, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 464 (1957) 3. K. D. Sabinin, M. G. Deev, The Rossby Local Radius and Parameters of Intrathermocline Eddies (Lens) in the Ocean. Oceanology. 31, 714 (1991) 4. Yu. P. Lysanov, L. M. Lyamshev, Sound Scattering by Random Volume Inhomogeneities with a Fractal Spectrum, Acoust. Phys. 44, 434 (1998) 5. N. G. E. Hentschel, I. Procaccia, Relative Diffusion in Turbulent Media: The Fractal Dimension of Clouds, Phys. Rev., A29, 1461 (1988). 6. S. Lovejoy, D. Schertzer, Generalized Scale Invariance in the Atmosphere and Fractal Models of Rain, Water Resour Res. 21, 1233 (1985) Submitted by: M. L. Lyamshev lyamshev@kapella.gpi.ru ITEM 19: AIRFRAME INDUSTRY REPORT 1. Introduction The expected introduction worldwide of some ten thousand new subsonic commercial jet-aircraft over the next 20 years represents a major challenge for aviation industry. One of the "critical technologies", a "show-stopper" so to speak, in this new development will be noise. Future aircraft must imperatively be quieter than today's in view of (1) ICAO's intent to make the ANNEX 16 / Chapter-3 noise limits for subsonic jet aeroplanes much more stringent, (2) the reluctance of the airports to allow any increase in the noise immission after the phase-out of the Chapter-2-aircraft in 2002, but rather their insistence to compensate any aviation traffic growth through quieter aircraft, as well as (3) the noise-based operational restrictions effective at many of the major airports Facing this challenge, a number of dedicated research programs on aviation noise problems were initiated worldwide. In the United States, NASA, FAA and the US-aviation industry have launched their "Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology Enterprise", where under the designation "Road maps to the Future" a number of rather "sportive" objectives are defined. Referring to global civil aviation, a 10 dB reduction in the Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) within 10 years, and one of 20 dB within 20 years, referenced to today's technology, is envisioned. In Europe, within the Fourth Industrial and Materials Technologies Framework Program, projects towards an "Environmentally Friendly Aircraft" (TEFA) featured several dedicated projects on engine noise reduction, as well as on airframe noise reduction, with similar quantitative objectives as envisioned in the USA. Presently, the EU Fifth Framework Program is prepared where under the auspices of "Competitive and Sustainable Growth" new perspectives in aeronautics are defined with the stated objective to reduce noise impact by 10 EPNdB within a time frame of 10 years. This ambitious objective is to be attained along two avenues: within efforts relating to "Critical Technologies" attempts are made to reduce noise at the very source (e.g. on engines that would encompass fan-, compressor-, turbine- and jet-noise reduction drawing also on progress in nacelle technologies, while on the airframe that would encompass airframe and installation noise reduction). Within Large Scale Integration Programs (LSIPs) or "Targeted Platforms" source noise reduction elements are to be integrated towards a technology demonstrator, such as a quiet subsonic jet aircraft or a tilt rotor aircraft, for example. To appreciate the challenge of these aviation noise impact reduction objectives, a brief recapitulation of the Chapter-3 noise certification procedures is in order. There are 3 procedures: (1) a take off at maximum power with a subsequent power cutback, where the noise is measured under the flight path at 6.5 km past break release; (2) a maximum power / no-power cutback climb flight, where the maximum sideline noise is measured at a lateral distance of 450 m, and finally (3) a 3—-slope landing approach, where the noise under the flight path is measured 2000 m before touch-down. An aircraft which "simply" complies with today's ICAO Chapter-3 noise limits cannot possibly be sold on a future market. Future aircraft must cope with cumulative noise certification levels of between 15 to 25 dB below the limits. It has been amply established that for take off and climb it is the engine noise which dominates, while in approach - when engine-power is reduced - airframe noise sources become ever more important. Indeed, airframe noise, caused by the usually highly turbulent flow past the deployed landing gears and the deployed high-lift devices (wing leading edge slats and wing trailing edge flaps), often effectively dominates approach noise. Flyover noise experiments conducted by Aerospatiale have conclusively shown that the deployment of landing gears on the one hand, and of slats and flaps (depending on the actual deployment angle) on the other hand can substantially raise the noise observed on the ground by several dB. To clarify the underlying aeroacoustic airframe noise source mechanisms and to develop noise reduction means, DLR, the German Aerospace Research Center, has been and still is involved in a number of major industrial, national and European research projects. In the following, several highlights from such endeavors are discussed, to illustrate the significantly improved understanding of the underlying aeroacoustic "airframe noise"-generating mechanisms and the successful efforts to provide industry with technically feasible noise reduction technologies. 2. Airframe Noise Research In the mid-nineties, DLR had been under contract to Airbus Industrie to investigate the noise from Airbus-type aircraft landing gears. More recently, DLR has entered into two major - still ongoing - research programs: first, a national program (sponsored by the German Ministry of Research and Education, BMBF) entitled "Nationales Verbundprogramm zur Eigenger„uschminderung an Verkehrsflugzeugen" (= Joint National Program on commercial aeroplane airframe noise reduction") to specifically investigate the noise from high-lift devices, and, second, a European program under the auspices of the EU entitled Reduction of Airframe and Installation Noise (acronym RAIN), dealing with airframe noise from both landing gears and high lift devices. 2.1. Airframe Noise Source Identification on Overflying Aeroplanes An approach, applied and refined by DLR-Berlin, to identify and rank-order airframe noise sources employing a highly sophisticated microphone array technique, was employed on a large number of overflying aeroplanes of the most varied type. The basic principle of the array technique is to use the combined focus of the array (consisting of between 50 to 100 individual microphones spatially extended over a surface of, say, 8 by 8 m™) to electronically follow certain regions of interest on the overflying aeroplane. Thus, for example, the focus can be "attached" to an outer wing section, or to an area where one of the main gears or the nose gear is located. The spatial as well as the spectral resolution depends on the number and arrangement of the microphones and on the flyover height. In general, the more microphones and the lower the flight height, the better the resolution. Since these tests were conducted under the approach path of an airport, thus inherently catching aeroplanes in their landing configuration where landing gears and flaps are deployed and where the engine power is reduced, "classical" airframe noise sources could be readily detected. Such flyover noise tests reveal, on any given aeroplane, the respectively dominating source under the particular approach operational condition. These then could be - depending - either the engines, or the main landing gears, or the nose gear, or the flap- or the slat-region. Suppose then, a landing gear region as a whole had been identified as the dominating airframe noise source, such information will inherently still not provide any clue on what particular part of the subject landing gear is responsible for the "excess noise". This is where dedicated experiments are called for on realistic landing gears or other airframe noise sources such as the wings in high-lift configuration under controlled conditions, available only in acoustic wind tunnels. 2.2. Wind Tunnel Experiments on Landing Gears It seems rather futile, to try and attempt to theoretically derive a prediction scheme on landing gear noise. A modern landing gear of a large commercial aeroplane is of such geometrical complexity that it is virtually impossible to point out the part, or parts, which under conditions of high-speed onflow would represent the dominating source. In fact, earlier flyover noise tests on model landing gears attached to gliders, some 20 years ago, had brought about questionable results, merely due to the fact that the complex geometry of a landing gear was not (and of course could not actually) be reproduced in the necessary detail. Hence, landing gear noise was considered predominantly a low-frequency phenomenon (which it turned out, not to be!). 2.2.1. A320 Main and Nose Landing Gear Investigations Recognizing the need to conduct experiments on realistic landing gears, DLR, under contract to Airbus Industrie, Toulouse, undertook a series of highly complex experiments, employing a full-scale Airbus A320 main landing gear in the open, anechoic test section of the German Dutch Wind Tunnel, DNW, one of the foremost aeroacoustic wind tunnel in existence. The DNW features a nozzle of 6 (high) by 8 (across) m cross-section, allowing to test full-scale landing gears of substantial size still within the "healthy" (i.e. low turbulent) tunnel core-flow. This way, the undisturbed inflow conditions simulating approach could be attained. Moreover, the maximum attainable free-jet tunnel flow speed of close to 80 m/s is close to an actual landing speed, such that conditions are rather realistic and acoustic data exhibit a high degree of realism. A setup was used where a 4-wheel bogie gear in the supporting side-wall construction, which is to simulate the nearby wing, was mounted. Since the complete wheel-well was too large to be simulated in full-scale, only the wing cavity (which would accommodate the gear leg in the retracted gear position) was reproduced and coupled to an anechoically terminated large bay. Employing the STSF (spatial transformation of sound fields) technique to visualize the acoustic source strength distribution on the landing gear bogie, dominating sources between the forward and the rearward wheel pair for the particular condition were identified. Findings such as these as well as dedicated parametric variations revealed critical areas (in terms of source noise) on the landing gear. In the course of the experiments, certain components (such as the main leg, the side-stay, then the region between the wheels and around the brakes or the wheel cavities) were successively covered to attempt to isolate the respectively dominating source region. In the end, the entire landing gear was "streamlined", not as a technically feasible means but rather to indicate the overall noise amelioration potential. Indeed, such a "complete" covering resulted in an overall A-weighted farfield noise level reduction of about 10 dB for the twin-wheel gear and for the 4-wheel bogie. In the end those measures were identified which still brought impressive noise reductions of up to 4 dB without hampering the functionality of the gear. 2.2.2. A340 Main landing Gear Investigations More recently still within the European RAIN-project a full scale A340 landing gear was introduced into the DNW test section, to identify in still greater detail the noise generating parts of such a landing gear of extreme complexity. In theses tests, both a microphone array and the new DNW acoustic mirror of 3 m diameter for source localization purposes were used. Such techniques are very helpful to further the understanding of the aeroacoustic source mechanisms since it is possible to probe into various regions of interest within the landing gear to reveal dominating sources. Valuable information was obtained on how to treat certain parts of the landing gear in a dedicated manner to achieve impressive noise reductions (again to the tune of 3 to 4 dB overall) without adversely affecting the gear's functionality. The experiments were conducted in close cooperation with the European aircraft manufacturers. This way, it was ascertained that results are readily available to industries for near-term implementation into future aircraft designs. 2.3. Wind Tunnel Experiments on Wing High Lift Devices Within the subject German National Research Project, a number of sequential sub-projects were undertaken or are in the planning stage: Model tests on 1:10 scaled high lift devices in DLR's small Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel Braunschweig (AWB) Model tests on a 1:7.5 scaled complete aircraft in the DNW, and Tests employing a full scale aircraft wing with high-lift devices in the DNW 2.3.1. Tenth-scale Model Tests (in the AWB) A 1:10 scaled wing model with high lift devices was tested in DLR's small Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel Braunschweig (AWB). The objectives of these test series were to rank order noise sources determine noise affecting parameters optimize test techniques (for later application in the DNW-tests) check effectiveness of noise reduction principles The primary measurement means was an acoustic mirror of 1.4 m diameter for detailed source studies. Here the mirror focus - looking up towards the "overflying" high-lift wing - was guided along certain supposedly critical regimes such as the slat tracks (oblique to the flow), the leading edge slat, the trailing edge flap as well as directly along the flap-side-edge, to reveal significant level increases at these various critical areas. Specific studies of the area around the leading edge slat revealed discrete-frequency, tonal, components which could be readily "killed" by applying an appropriate tripping device. Moreover, data from miniature unsteady pressure sensors (of the Kulite-type) in the slat-cove area indicated a periodically oscillating flow pattern, right in the cove. Here, patches of turbulence released into the slot-flow from the cove-vortex in the area of the cove (which after all extends over large portions of the wing leading edge, thus representing an extended intense noise source) seemed to be responsible for the primary noise generating mechanism. Providing an appropriate cover such as to avoid this transmission of turbulence indicated a fairly substantial (about 3 dB) reduction in the farfield noise signature. 2.3.2. 1:7.5 Scaled Aircraft Model in the DNW The tests in the AWB, after all, were made on a single wing section. In order to check on the important aeroacoustic mechanisms and to test possible noise reducing devices on a complete, hence more realistic, aircraft configuration, a 1:7.5 scaled aircraft model was installed in the DNW open test section. In these tests, DNW's acoustic mirror as well as farfield microphones were employed. Initial results from these ongoing tests and preliminary data reduction indicate similar effects as observed in the tenth-scale model tests in the AWB occur. Applying a "slat cove cover" results in an overall A-level reduction of about 3 dB. 2.3.3. Full-scale Aircraft Wing in the DNW Preparations are under way to employ a full-scale aircraft wing again in the open test section of the DNW. Such tests, prior to actual flight tests, are paramount to check on the validity of the results obtained in the previous model-scale tests. Quite similar to the situation on landing gears, a realistic wing section - in particular if it is in a high-lift configuration - has additional "fine-scale" components which may have a decisive influence on the noise generation and radiation processes; this becomes quite apparent when inspecting a typical slat-cove design on a real wing. Submitted by: Hanno Heller Hanno.heller@dlr.de ITEM 21: THE INSTITUTE OF SOUND AND VIBRATION RESEARCH (ISVR) The ISVR is offering a limited number of 3-year scholarships to outstanding students registering full-time for a Ph.D. by research starting in 1999. The stipend will be equivalent to EPSRC rates. Ph.D. students carry out their studies in one of the four research groups: Dynamics; Fluid Dynamics and Acoustics; Human Sciences; Signal Processing and Control. For further details, contact Professor J.K. Hammond, Director, ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. Tel: +44 1703 593467; Fax: +44 1703 593190; e-mail: mzs@isvr.soton.ac.uk; web site: www.isvr.soton.ac.uk Submitted by: Maureen Strickland mzs@isvr.soton.ac.uk ITEM 21: INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH: DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PhD Studentships in Medical Physics in Surrey, England Applications are invited for four PhD studentships as follows: 1. 'Three dimensional ultrasonic reflex transmission imaging for guiding thermal ablation cancer treatments' with Dr J C Bamber: jeff@icr.ac.uk 2. 'Low energy electronic portal imaging using high-energy bremsstrahlung beams' with Dr P Evans: phile@icr.ac.uk 3. 'Development of methods for whole-body and dynamic PET image quantification' with Prof R J Ott: bob@icr.ac.uk 4. 'Optimisation of conformal radiotherapy employing neural nets and artificial intelligence' with Prof S Webb: steve@icr.ac.uk Candidates should have or expect to gain a 1st or 2.1 Honours degree in Physics or related subject. A stipend will be paid of 9,400 pounds sterling in the first year rising to 10,330 pounds sterling in Year 3. Application forms are available from the Student Registrar, Institute of Cancer Research. (Tel: 0181 643 8901 Ext.4643; Fax 0181 643 6940; Email: lindy@icr.ac.uk) Closing date 14th May 1999. Or contact: Dr Jeffrey C. Bamber, Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK +44 181 661 3343 (direct), 642 6011 (switch) 643 3812 (fax) http://www.icr.ac.uk/physics.html Submitted by Jeffrey C. Bamber jeff@icr.ac.uk, ITEM 22: SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE FOR STUDY AT BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, UTAH, USA Graduate research opportunities are available in acoustics in the Physics Dept. at Brigham Young University. The current research efforts focus in the area of structural acoustics and vibration, along with the active control of these systems. Anyone interested in obtaining further information is encouraged to contact Scott D. Sommerfeldt at the following e-mail address: Submitted by Scott D. Sommerfeldt s_sommerfeldt@byu.edu ITEM 23: READERS' QUESTIONS: The following questions have been submitted by readers of the ISDV and IJAV. Please feel free to e-mail your suggestions or comments to these readers at the e-mail addresses below each question, but please do not e-mail your responses directly to the ISVD. Thank you. 1. My name is Eoghan Malone, I am a 4th mechanical Engineering student from the University of Paisley in Scotland and I am in my industrial placement year in IBM Greenock in Scotland. I am working on my Honours year project and I need to get the majority of the practical work/research done before I return to University. I have been trying to locate some more detailed schematics of the double chamber method for system impedance measurement/fan characteristics. Also, I'd like details on how to measure the system impedance of a system i.e. a desktop computer. Does the INCE box still exist? Can someone supply me with better theory/schematics etc.? Please help, and kindest regards from Scotland. Eoghan Malone Thermals and Acoustics IBM UK Greenock 01475 895746 ext:- 25215 E-MAIL: EMALONE@uk.ibm.com 2. Could you help me with information on modern methods and instruments to measure and analyze wood plates and violin and guitar vibrations? Thank you. Jose Fonseca Rome, Italy E-MAIL: josel@tin.it 3. I have heard of an acoustic remote control system that is used to control temperature in a number of apartments somewhere in Europe. They have a network of water pipes for heating in some of the older buildings, and use a 100 kHz transmission frequency to transmit temperature data from remote sensors to a central control unit, using the pipes as the transmission medium. Have you heard of this system? Can you possibly point me to the developer of this system or to any other person that has developed any system for acoustic communication of information through steel? H. Tracy Hall, Jr. Novatek Inc. 2185 S. Larsen Pkwy Provo, UT, USA 84606 Voice: 801-356-9069 Fax: 801-374-6009 e-mail: thall@novatekonline.com http://www.novatekonline.com ITEM 24: BOOK REVIEW: DYNAMICS OF PLATES By J. S. Rao, ISBN 0-8247-1977-8, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999, 560 pages. Price: US $99.75 This book introduces the reader to the basic theories of the dynamics of plates including details of the design and application of plates and shells in machines. The book has 10 chapters, over 90 illustrations and 512 references. It covers the Lagrange,Ritz and Galerkin energy methods; Levy and Kantorovich principles; and classical solutions of Navier and Nadai as well as finite element methods. The book provides detailed accounts of advanced topics, such as Mindlin's plates, elastic and viscoelastic foundation type plates, von Karman's orthotropic plates, and Berger's approximation for orthotropic plates. Moreover, detailed discussions on anisotropic plates, including specially orthotropic plates, fibre-reinforced laminae, and cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are presented. The book is concluded with the coverage of the theory of surfaces, the strain-replacement relations and equilibrium conditions of three-dimensional thin shells. The book is well structured, nicely presented and clearly written. The worked examples provide the reader with a better understanding of the topics while the large number of useful references provide scope for advanced reading. It is suitable for undergraduate and graduate studies in Mechanical Engineering and related subjects. (A more detailed review of this book will appear in a forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration). Submitted by: A. K. M. Azad Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. ITEM 25: BOOK REVIEW: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY By VladimŒr Stejskal, Michael Valßsek, ISBN 0-8247-9731-0, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, 494 pages. Price: US $165 This book provides a comparative evaluation of fundamental methods of analysis and synthesis of multibody systems (MBS). The book has 13 chapters, a list of relevant references, over 112 illustrations, and a software package written in FORTRAN for solving MBS problems. The general approach to the dynamics is based on the equivalence between Newton-Euler and Lagrange equations of motion. All other approaches are explained as special cases of this equivalence on the basis of the particular choice of co-ordinates, introduction of substitutions, the different notations, etc. The methods considered are compared from the point of view of computational efficiency, and from this point of view special attention is devoted to non-traditional approaches such as recursive or residual ones. The book concludes with a brief chapter on further topics for research. The book is nicely structured and is suitable for practising engineers, researchers and graduate courses in mechanical and related engineering subjects. (A more detailed review of this book will appear in a forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration). Submitted by: A. K. M. Azad Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. ITEM 26: ACOUSTICS AND VIBRATION CALENDAR OF EVENTS 1999 May 8-11 106th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Munich, Germany. Contact: Martin Woehr, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Studioproduction HF, DE-80305, Munich, Germany. Phone: +49.89.5900.2434; Fax: +49. 89.5900.3393. E-mail: 106th_chairman@aes.org 1999 May 17-20 SAE Noise & Vibration Conference, Traverse City, Michigan, USA. Contact: M. Asensio, Noise & Vibration Conference, SAE, 3051 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 320, Troy, MI 48084, USA. Phone: +1.248.649.0420; Fax: +1.248.649.0425. 1999 June 23-25 9th Regional Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan. Contact: Takeo Yamamoto, 2-14-11 Nakaizumi, Komae-shi, Tokyo, 201-0012, Japan. Phone & Fax: +81.3.3489.4760. E-mail: yamatake@t3.rim.or.jp 1999 July 5-8 Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lyngby, Denmark. Contact: ICSV6 Secretariat, Technical University of Denmark, Building 352, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Sponsored by IIAV. Phone: +45.4588.1622; Fax: +45.4588.0577. E-mail: icsv6@dat.dtu.dk 1999 September 1-4 15th International Symposium Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-15). Contact: W. Lauterborn, Drittes Physikalisches Inst., Universitat Gottingen, Burgerstr., 42-44, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. Fax: +49.551.39.7720. E-mail: lb@physik3.gwdg.de 1999 September 12-15 17th Biennial Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Contact: George T. Flowers, 201 Ross Hall, Auburn University. Phone: +1.334.844.3330; Fax: +1.334.844.3307. E-mail: gflowers@eng.auburn.edu 1999 September 12-15 ASME Design Technical Conference 1999, Vibrations Conference: Rotating Machinery and Structures Symposium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Contact: Dr. R. Gordon Kirk, Virginia Tech, Mechanical Engineering Department, Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0238, USA. Phone: +1.540.231.7478; Fax: +1.540.231.9100. E-mail: gokirk@vt.edu 1999 November 1-5 138th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Columbus, OH, USA. Contact: Elaine Moran, Acoustical Society of America, 500 Sunnyside Blvd., Woodbury, NY, 11797 USA. Phone: +1.516.576.2360; Fax: +1.516.576.2377. E-mail: asa@aip.org 1999 December 2-4 ACTIVE 99, the 1999 International Symposium on Active Control of Sound and Vibration, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Contact: Institute of Noise Control Engineering, P.O. Box 3206, Arlington Branch, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, USA. Phone: + 1.914.462.4006; Fax: +1.914.462.4006. E-mail: INCEUSA@aol.com 1999 December 6-8 INTER-NOISE 99, the 1999 International Congress on Noise Control Engineering, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Contact: Institute of Noise Control Engineering, P.O. Box 3206, Arlington Branch, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, USA. Phone/Fax: +1.914.462.4006. E-mail: internoise99@ince.org. 2000 June 6-9 5th International Symposium Transport Noise and Vibration of the East European Acoustical Association, St. Petersburg, Russia. Contact: EEAA, Moskovskoe Shosse 44, St. Petersburg, 196158, Russia. Phone: +7.812.123.6981; Fax: +7.812.127.9323. E-mail: noise@mail.rcom.ru. 2000 July 4-7 Seventh International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Contact: Dr. Hanno Heller, German Aerospace Center, DLR, Lilienthalplatz 7, D-38108, Braunschweig, Germany. Sponsored by IIAV. Phone: +49.(0).531.295.21.70; Fax:+49.(0).531.295.2320. E-mail: Hanno.Heller@dlr.de 2000 August 28-30 INTER-NOISE 2000, the 2000 International Congress on Noise Control Engineering, Nice, France. Contact: M. Vallet, INRETS-LEN, 25 avenue Francois Mitterand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France. Phone: +33.04.7214.2342; Fax: +33.04.7214.2480. E-mail: mvallet@inrets.fr 2000 August 31- September 31 CONFERENCE: NOVEM 2000 International Conference on NOISE & VIBRATION PRE-DESIGN AND CHARACTERISATION USING ENERGY METHODS (NOVEM 2000), Lyon Congress Centre, Lyon, France. Contact: LVA, INSA de Lyon, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France, Phone: +33 4 7243 8707, Fax: + 33 4 7243 8712, E-mail: novem@lva.insa-lyon.fr http://lva.insa-lyon.fr/novem2000 2000 October 3-5 7th WESTPRAC, Western Pacific Regional Acoustics Conference, Kumamoto, Japan. Contact: The WESTPRAC VII Secretary, Department of Computer Science, Kumamoto University, 1-39-1 Kurukami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan. Phone: +81.96.342.3622; Fax: +81.96.342.3630. E-mail: westprac&@cogni.eecs.kumamoto-u.ac.jp 2000 October 16-18 II Congress of FIA, Madrid, Spain, Contact: Spanish Acoustical Society. In cooperation with IIAV. Fax: 34-1-4411-7651. 2000 December 4-8 140th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Newport Beach, CA, USA. Contact: Elaine Moran, Acoustical Society of America, 500 Sunnyside Blvd., Woodbury, NY 1197, USA. Phone: +1.516.576.2360; Fax: +1.516.576.2377. ITEM 27: PAST PROCEEDINGS AVAILABLE Price Reduction for a limited time! Get the latest scientific information on acoustics and vibration! Five international congresses on sound and vibration convened in the United States, Canada, and Russia over the last seven years. The congresses include papers which describe recent scientific developments of interest to those concerned with sound and vibration problems in transportation vehicles such as aircraft, spacecraft, automobiles, trucks, buses and ships and with sound and vibration problems in a variety of engineering structures such as those used in machinery and buildings. The Conferences were sponsored by the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV) and many other acoustical societies throughout the world. Over 1400 scientists from 40 countries participated in these congresses. The topics in the congresses include the following : Structural Radiation and Vibration, Statistical Energy Analysis, Sound and Vibration Measurements including Sound Intensity and Structure-borne Power Flow Measurements, Sound Transmission through Structures, Passive Damping, Effects of Noise and Vibration on People, Noise and Vibration Control, Automotive Sound and Vibration, Wavelet Analysis and other new analytical techniques, Boundary Element Analysis, Finite Element Analysis, Aeroacoustics, and Active Noise and Vibration Control, Scattering, Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere, Underwater Acoustics, and Machinery Diagnostics and Material Properties and Non-destructive Evaluation. The rapid developments in computers in the last several years has made the use of new analytical techniques possible and has also stimulated the development of new instrumentation and measurement techniques. These developments will become very evident to readers of these proceedings. First International Congress on Recent Developments in Air- and Structure-borne Sound and Vibration: A limited number of copies of the First Congress Proceedings held March 6 - 8, 1990 are still available. The two volumes include 117 papers by authors from 20 countries in total of almost 1000 pages. There are six keynote papers: Per V. Bruel on Sound Intensity, Richard H. Lyon on Diagnostics, J.N. Reddy on Finite Element Modelling, Herbert Uberall on Acoustic Scattering, V.V. Varadan on Material Characterization and NDE, and Gideon Maidanik on SEA. Second International Congress on Recent Developments in Air- and Structure-borne Sound and Vibration This congress was held at Auburn University, USA March 4-6, 1992. The three volume book includes 217 papers in a total of 1780 pages. There are six keynote papers, including Sir James Lighthill on Aeroacoustics and Atmospheric Sound; Frank J. Fahy on Engineering Applications of Vibro-Acoustic Reciprocity; Louis Dragonette on Underwater Acoustic Scattering; Robert E. Green on Overview of Acoustical Technology for Non-Destructive Evaluation; David Brown on Future Trends in Modal Testing Technology; and Lothar Gaul on Calculation and Measurement of Structure-borne Sound. Third International Congress on Air- and Structure-borne Sound and Vibration: TheThird Congress in the series convened in Montreal, Canada June 13-15, 1994. The three volume book of proceedings is over 2100 pages in length and includes 264 papers. Six of these papers are by keynote authors including: 1) Methods to Reduce Computing Time in Structural Acoustics Prediction, by Jean-Louis Guyader, 2) Acoustically Induced Structural Vibration and Fatigue - A Review by Michael P. Norton, 3) Human Response to Sound and Implications for Safety by Raymond Hetu, 4) Wavelet Theory and Applications by David Newland, 5) The Aeroacoustics of Helicopter Rotors-Lessons learned from Wind Tunnel Tests by Hanno Heller, 6) Design of Active Control Systems Using Eigen Analysis by Christopher Fuller. Fourth International Congress on Sound and Vibration: This three-volume book of proceedings includes the written versions of the papers presented at the Fourth Congress held at St. Petersburg, Russia, June 24 - 27, 1996. This book of proceedings is almost 2100 pages in length and includes 316 papers. Seven of these papers are from keynote authors including: 1) Recent Advances in Interpreting Hearing Sensitivity by Sir James Lighthill, 2) Method of the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) to Calculate Vibration of Engineering Structures by Alexei S. Nikiforov, 3) Application of Genetic Algorithms to Active Noise and Vibration Control by Colin H. Hansen, 4) Inverse and Reciprocity Methods for Machinery Noise Source Characterization and Sound Path Quantification by Jan W. Verheij, 5) The Ecological Acoustics of Machines by Oleg N. Pobol, 6) Noise Effects from the Psychological Viewpoint by August Schick, 7) On Fractal Acoustics by Leonid M. Lyamshev. Fifth International Congress on Sound and Vibration: This five-volume book of proceedings includes 334 papers presented at the Fifth Congress in Adelaide, Australia, December 15-18, 1997. The book is over 3000 pages long. Seven keynote papers are included: 1) A Century of Shock Wave Dynamics by Sir James Lighthill, 2) Recent Developments in Acoustics and Vibration by Malcolm J. Crocker, 3) Into the Physics of Rotor Aeroacoustics by Hanno Heller, 4) Recent Advances in Active Control by Chris R. Fuller, 5) Vibration Suppression Through Smart Damping by Daniel J. Inman, 6) Diagnostics of Bearings and Gears by R.B. Randall, 7) Hearing Protectors by Samir N. Y. Gerges. ___________________________________ORDER FORM________________________________________________ NAME___________________________________________________________________________________________ ADDRESS________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ FAX#__________________________________________________________________ First Congress Proceedings: $95 US 2 Volumes (950 pages) Second Congress Proceedings: $125 US 3Volumes (1780 pages) Third Congress Proceedings: $135 US 3Volumes (2000 pages) Fourth Congress Proceedings: $145 US 3 Volumes (2100 pages) Fifth Congress Proceedings (Paper): $145 US 5 Volumes (3000 pages) Fifth Congress Proceedings (C-D Rom): $90 US (no price reduction) For a limited time, until July 31, 1999, IIAV members and those joining IIAV may take a 30% discount on any or all of these books (offer excludes C-D Rom). For airmail please add $35 to the price of each book purchased. Individuals who are not IIAV members or institutions may take a 20% discount until July 31, 1999. ( ) Check Please send in US dollars drawn on US bank made out to IIAV. ( ) Bank Transfer Please ensure there are no bank charges to IIAV for checks or bank transfers. Auburn National Bank - Auburn, AL 36831 USA - Telephone #: 334 821 9200 ABA Number 062202574 - Account Number 10308743 ( ) Credit Card (Mastercard or Visa only) Credit Card Type and Expiration Date: _____________________ Account #: ______________________ Expiration Date: __________________ Signature: _______________________ Please return with payment to: Dr. Malcolm Crocker, Executive Director IIAV P.O. Box 13 Auburn, AL 36831 USA FAX:(334)844-3306 ITEM 28: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM FOR IIAV The membership dues are $80 per year. Membership dues for those from certain countries is at a lower rate; please inquire. Members receive the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (IJAV), electronic newsletter and the International Sound and Vibration Digest (ISVD) upon joining the Institute. Membership is available in two forms: 1) Member: open to those who hold at least a Bachelor's degree (or equivalent) from an accredited institution or whom have been employed in the field of acoustics/vibration 2) Associate: open to those who do not meet the criteria for Member, but whom would like to support and promote the activities of the Institute HOW TO JOIN THE INSTITUTE: IIAV MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM: If you are interested in joining the IIAV, please fill in the form and return it by fax or e-mail to the address listed below; if you are already a member, please make sure we have your current address on file and are aware of your interests/ areas of study. Application for:: ( ) Member ( ) Associate 1) Name: _____________________________________________________ 2) Address: ____________________________________________________________ Fax: _____________________ E-mail : ___________________________ 3) Degrees (Institutions and dates): ____________________________________________________________________________ 4) Employment (with dates ): _____________________________________________________________________________ 5) Signature & Date: _______________________________________________________ 6) Payment Form: ( ) Check Please send in US dollars drawn on US bank. ( ) Bank Transfer Auburn National Bank - Auburn, AL USA, Tel: 334 821 9200 ABA Number 062202574 - Account Number 10308743 ( ) Credit Card (Visa or Master Card only) Card Number _______________________________ Card Type & Expiration Date _______________________________ Please return this form to: Dr. Malcolm J. Crocker Executive Director Secretariat Office IIAV Dept. Mech. Eng. 202 Ross Hall Auburn University, AL 36849-5341, USA (Tel: 334-844-3310, FAX: 334-844-3306) E-mail: mcrocker@eng.auburn.edu