1. THE UNIVERSITY'S CONCERN FOR GOOD TEACHING
Auburn University recognizes that the classroom experience represents something of a partnership between student and professor. For the partnership to be successful, each has a right to expect certain things of the other: just as the professor may expect students to meet their responsibilities which he or she has made explicit on such matters as instructional objectives and evaluation procedures, so the student should expect the professor to meet his or her obligations also. The University believes that each faculty member in conducting classes should exhibit high standards of professional behavior through his/her scholarship, personal integrity, and enthusiasm for the profession of teaching.
More specifically, each professor has a responsibility to himself or herself and to his or her students:
To state, in writing at an early meeting of the class, specific course objectives and the manner in which they are to be attained.
To exercise care in the organization and presentation of all materials toward the end of achieving the stated instructional objectives.
To state, in writing at an early meeting of the class, grading and evaluation procedures, including:
a. the grading system and method of determining the final grade;
b. the relative importance of assigned papers, quizzes, examinations, class preparation, and participation;
c. the approximate schedule for examinations (other than the final exam); and
d. the policy on unannounced quizzes.
To arrive promptly at all scheduled classes. If absence is anticipated, the class should be informed in advance of contingency arrangements.
To maintain regular, posted office hours each week for conferences with students.
To grade and return examinations within a reasonable period of time.
The University's concern for good teaching is spelled out in the Board of Trustees Policies Manual. The following excerpt (pp. C-1-2), "Position on Quality Instruction," was adopted in 1989.
The Board of Trustees views the instruction of students as the foremost activity of Auburn University. It is proud of the outstanding levels of quality achieved throughout the institution in preparing graduates to enter the professions, graduate programs and leadership positions in all walks of life. To underscore and support this process, the Board identifies those characteristics that it views to be central to the teaching/learning process.
Class sizes, particularly at the freshman and sophomore levels, should be sufficiently small to provide for individual student attention and opportunity for free exchange of ideas.
Faculty teaching loads should not be so burdensome as to preclude the availability of faculty for individual or small-group counseling, advising, and informal discussion with students.
Early in their Auburn career, all students should have opportunity for exposure to the University's best scholars. Senior faculty should have some teaching responsibility at the lower division level.
Particular care should be exercised to assure that those who have classroom instructional responsibility possess strong communication skills.
Innovative teaching approaches should be encouraged. To foster creativity in the instructional arena, a "learning center" should be organized to assist any faculty member who may desire its use. Junior faculty should be supervised carefully to assure that support is provided as needed.
The curriculum should reflect a desire that graduates be effective in communication and reasoning skills, as well as being well founded in the major discipline.
There should be an honors program and other similar opportunities for the exceptionally talented and curious student.
Outstanding teaching will be recognized and rewarded.
The Board supports a regular, validated, and effective faculty evaluation system that relies upon student, peer, and administrator input. Such a program should have performance improvement as its primary goal.
The Board will strive to provide adequate operating budgets, so that support materials are available to enhance the teaching/learning process.
Teaching is a dynamic and complex activity, and learning is an individual process. The Board of Trustees recognizes that a wide variety of teaching methods are available, that no singular approach is superior to others, and that circumstances dictate the style most appropriate. The Board recognizes and congratulates the faculty and administration on their ability to attract to Auburn high quality students. By endorsing this statement, the Board desires that faculty, department heads, and deans be aware of its interest in and support of their dedicated efforts to offer Auburn students the highest possible quality of instruction.
The University recognizes the impossibility of creating a "teaching load" formula that would be applicable to the complex academic programs embraced by the various colleges, schools and departments. Considerable flexibility is given to the individual department head, in consultation with the dean, in assigning faculty workloads to meet the department's instructional, research, and public service commitments. Faculty workloads are regularly reported to the Provost and are utilized by the Central Administration of the University in budgetary management of the academic program.
Although there is no set teaching load formula at the University level, normally every attempt is made to give appropriate reduction in the classroom assignments of those faculty significantly engaged in research, graduate teaching, the direction of graduate student theses, or University service. Such reduction should be applied equitably to all eligible faculty. However, the University believes it is important that senior faculty who have distinguished themselves through research and publication be directly involved in undergraduate teaching.
The University views the evaluation of teaching as an on-going process which relies on multiple assessment measures, including, at a minimum, both peer evaluations and the University’s standard survey instrument for gathering student perceptions of teaching effectiveness. During at least one semester per year, usually fall semester, each faculty member is required to have this standard instrument administered in each of his or her classes. It is recommended that the instrument be administered in each class, each semester.
Administration procedures for the survey are explicit and uniform. Colleges/schools, departments, and faculty members may include optional questions or evaluation materials in addition to, but not in lieu of, the University’s survey and may collect anonymous written comments from students. While their classes are being evaluated, faculty members shall not be present in their classrooms. If written comments are collected in addition to the standard survey instrument, persons conducting class evaluations shall encourage students to print their comments. These comments may not be returned to faculty members before final grades have been awarded. It is recommended that handwritten comments be typed before they are given to faculty members. Faculty members may not contact individual students to discuss survey responses or written comments. Summary data from the scan sheets are reported to the faculty member and department head after all completed surveys have been processed; any additional comments from the students are reported in writing to the faculty member by the faculty member’s department head. Further administrative procedures related to the collection and processing of completed survey forms may be announced from time to time by the Office of the Provost.
Data drawn from student evaluations along with other assessments of teaching will be used in the yearly review of each faculty member by his or her department head, in the third year review by the department, and in review for promotion or tenure by the department, and by the school/college and University-level promotion and tenure committees. In addition, at least annually the academic dean and the Provost receive summary student teaching evaluation data about each department without identifying faculty information.
Faculty and the various departments are urged to employ additional measures of teaching effectiveness. Possibilities include alumni assessments, employer assessments of matriculated students, evaluations from persons or organizations external to the University for which the faculty member consults or provides instructional services of some kind, and administrator assessment of performance. An important method of assessment is evaluation by professional colleagues.
Peer evaluations, mandated by the Board of Trustees, may be achieved in a variety of ways. Faculty members and/or departments should develop an appropriate peer evaluation strategy or strategies. Evaluation by professional colleagues might include the following:
Evaluation of the faculty member’s syllabi, tests, handouts, and other materials used in class.
Evaluation of the faculty member’s preparation of students for subsequent courses in the field.
Evaluation of the faculty member’s work in a team teaching situation by his or her partner.
Comparison of the faculty member’s work with that of others teaching the same course.
Observation of the faculty member’s classes.
Evaluation of a portfolio developed by the faculty member in which he or she presents him or herself as a teacher. The portfolio might include a general statement on teaching philosophy; syllabi with detailed information on course content and objectives, teaching methods, reading and homework assignments, and student evaluation procedures; materials that show the extent of student learning, such as scores on standardized tests taken before and after the course, term papers and laboratory manuals, and work from the best and poorest students; a list of courses taught with enrollment and grade distributions; etc.
To further confirm the University’s concern for quality instruction and instructional programs, the Teaching Effectiveness Committee, the Curriculum Committee and the Core Curriculum and General Education Committee have been established. These committees are charged with carrying out a process of continuing evaluation and enhancement of instructional programs and evaluation of proposed changes in the curriculum.
Faculty members are expected to know and observe the following academic regulations. The Student Policy eHandbook, elaborates on many of these regulations.
A. CLASS ATTENDANCE AND RELATED PROCEDURES
A student is expected to attend all scheduled University classes. College work proceeds at such a pace that regular class attendance is necessary to receive proper instruction. Specific policies regarding class attendance are the prerogative of the individual faculty member. The faculty member shall inform each class in writing at the beginning of the course regarding the effect of absences on the determination of grades.
The student is expected to carry out all assigned work and to take examinations at the class period designated by the instructor. Failure to carry out these assignments or to take examinations at the designated times may result in an appropriate reduction in grade, except as enumerated below.
The faculty member shall determine the policy regarding grading which he or she feels is best for the course. This policy shall be presented to the class, in writing, at the beginning of the semester and will govern the actions of the faculty member in the course.
Arrangement to make up missed major examinations (e.g. hour exams, mid-term exams) due to properly authorized excused absences (as defined by the Student Policy eHandbook) shall be initiated by the student within one week from the end of the period of the excused absence. Normally, a make-up exam shall occur within two weeks from the time that the student initiates arrangements for it. Instructors are encouraged to refrain from giving make-up examinations during the last three days prior to the first day of final examinations. The format of make-up exams and opportunities for students to make up work other than major examinations are at the discretion of the instructor whose make-up policies should be stated in writing at the beginning of the term. A faculty member will be expected to excuse absences for:
Illness of the student or serious illness of a member of the student's immediate family. The instructor shall have the right to request appropriate verification.
The death of a member of the student's immediate family. The instructor shall have the right to request appropriate verification.
Trips for members of the student organizations sponsored by an academic unit, trips for University classes, and trips for participation in intercollegiate athletic events. When feasible, the student must notify the instructor prior to the occurrence of such absences, but in no case shall such notification occur more than one week after the absence. Instructors may request formal notification from appropriate University personnel to document the student's participation in such trips.
Religious holidays. Students are responsible for notifying the instructor in writing of anticipated absences due to their observance of such holidays.
Subpoena for court appearance.
Any other reason the instructor deems appropriate.
The regularly accepted time for class to begin shall be on the hour or half hour. If the instructor does not appear within 20 minutes after the hour, it may be assumed that the class is canceled. All classes shall be dismissed promptly at the appropriate end time.
It is University policy that all classes will meet as scheduled on the last day before and the first day after holiday periods designated by the University.
Unresolved problems regarding class attendance and/or procedures should be referred to the Student Academic Grievance Committee.
Classroom Behavior Policy.
AUBURN UNIVERSITY POLICY ON CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR
INTRODUCTION
The goal of Auburn University and its faculty and students is to foster a dynamic environment of higher learning where all students develop analytical skills, learn to think critically and communicate effectively, promote inquiry, pursue knowledge, and prepare for productive careers. Behavior in the classroom that impedes teaching and learning and creates obstacles to this goal is considered disruptive and therefore subject to sanctions. The purpose of these sanctions is to create and protect an optimum learning experience; they should not be considered punitive, neither by the student nor instructor. Disagreement expressed in a civil fashion, eccentricity, idiosyncrasy, and unconventional behavior are not, per se, disruptive to the classroom experience. These sanctions are intended only to preserve the classroom as a place to pursue knowledge, exchange ideas, and share opinions in an atmosphere of tolerance. Students have the responsibility of complying with behavioral standards. Faculty have a professional responsibility to set reasonable limits on the expression of opinions while treating students with dignity, respect, and understanding while guiding classroom activities.
At the classroom level, clear guidelines for behavior and early intervention are the foundation for an intellectually stimulating experience for students and instructors alike. Instructors are encouraged to include in their syllabi guidelines for classroom behavior. Instructors who state these guidelines early and enforce them at the first appearance of disruptive behavior prevent minor episodes of classroom misconduct from escalating into serious confrontations and help transgressors to avoid the more serious consequences of such actions.
Examples of improper behavior in the classroom (including the virtual classroom of e-mail, chat rooms, telephony, and web activities associated with courses) may include, but are not limited to, the following:
repeatedly arriving after a class has begun
use of tobacco products
monopolizing discussion
persistent speaking out of turn
distractive talking, including cell phone usage
audio or video recording of classroom activities or the use of electronic devices without the permission of the instructor
refusal to comply with reasonable instructor directions
employing insulting language or gestures
verbal, psychological, or physical threats, harassment, and physical violence
POLICY
When confronted with disruptive, but non-threatening behavior, the instructor should issue a general word of caution to the class as a whole rather than to a particular student so as not to exacerbate the problem.
If a general caution directed to the entire class does not stop the disruptive activity, the instructor should endeavor to meet in private with the disruptive student. The resulting discussion should include a description of the problem, the reason it is disruptive, and the consequences of continued violations of classroom behavior guidelines.
If the disruptive behavior is preventing further instruction, the instructor is authorized to ask the disruptive student to leave the class immediately for the remainder of the class session. Removal from the classroom for more than one class period, for an extended period, or on a permanent basis normally requires the instructor to file charges of a violation of the Auburn University Discipline Code with the Vice President for Student Affairs. The department head/chair or dean may negotiate a withdrawal from the course or a transfer of the disruptive student to a different course section or course, if, in his or her opinion, a different instructor and different classmates would defuse the situation and provide the disruptive student with a new learning opportunity.
If threats have been made or physical violence is imminent, the instructor should notify the Auburn University Department of Public Safety immediately. The instructor should also notify the course department head/chair or dean promptly, followed by a memo to the department head/chair or dean documenting the incident and actions taken.
Instructors and administrators must maintain records related to all material disruptive incidents and any actions taken concerning them. Nothing in this policy is intended to infringe or restrict the educational process or the academic freedom of Auburn students or instructors.
B. VIOLATIONS OF HONESTY AND INTEGRITY
Auburn University expects students to pursue their academic work with honesty and integrity. Violations of this principle are enumerated in the Student Policy eHandbook. Briefly, violations include:
The possession, receipt, or use of any material or assistance not authorized in the preparation of an assignment or during tests.
Giving assistance to another in such practices.
Furnishing in any way material containing future examination questions or answers.
Plagiarism (submission of work that is not one's own without proper acknowledgment).
Attempting to alter an assigned grade.
Other actions delineated by the instructor.
The "University Academic Honesty Code" may be found in the SGA Code of Laws cited in the Student Policy eHandbook.
An "Easy Guide to Reporting Honesty Cases" appears in the Student Policy eHandbook. An instructor with evidence of a violation of honesty should report the case to the Academic Honesty Committee. This helps ensure that sanctions can be consistent and that multiple offenders can be caught.
A student may charge another student with a violation of the honesty code. A faculty member charging a student should follow these standard procedures:
At times, alleged academic grievances may arise which cannot be resolved through informal discussion between student and professor or through student consultation with the academic department head and dean. A formal procedure, approved by the Student Senate and the University Senate, has been established to resolve such issues. The complete "Student Academic Grievance Policy" is printed in the Student Poilcy eHandbook and faculty members should be aware of its contents.
D. EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTING OF SEMESTERLY GRADES
Faculty members are referred to the Auburn University Bulletin, "Examinations and Grades," for a detailed definition of the grading system.
The following regulations apply to the administering of all announced tests and final examinations:
Announced tests in undergraduate courses will be administered at a regularly scheduled meeting of the course. Exceptions to this regulation may arise in specialized courses requiring performances or oral tests, and in multiple-sectioned laboratory classes requiring practical laboratory tests. A faculty member with a sound reason for scheduling a test at a time other than the regularly scheduled meeting time must obtain approval from the department head prior to the beginning of the semester and must present written notice of the change to the class during the first few days of the semester. A rescheduled test should not interfere with other scheduled academic endeavors of the students involved, and an appropriate reduction in regularly scheduled class time should be given to compensate for the rescheduled test period.
A faculty member is encouraged to refrain from giving announced tests on the last three days prior to the first day of final examinations, since it is generally recognized that tests given during this period may interfere with student preparation for final examinations.
A final examination is a desirable means of evaluation in most undergraduate courses. In unusual circumstances, performance tests, term papers, research projects or other forms of evaluation appropriate to the objectives of the course may be substituted for final examination with approval of the department head, who will report his or her action to the dean and Provost. A faculty member not giving a final examination is to present to the class at the beginning of the semester a written description of the method by which final grades will be determined.
Final examinations will be administered during the hours specified in the semesterly examination schedule. Due to the specialized nature of many small upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate courses, deviations from this requirement are sometimes warranted. Such deviations are to be approved by the Provost, and rescheduled examinations must not interfere with scheduled academic activities of the students involved. The professor teaching a 600-level course shall determine whether a formal final examination is appropriate.
For detailed regulations on special examinations, e.g., those allowed because of a student's absence from a final examination due to illness, obligation to report for active military duty, etc., faculty are referred to the Student Policy eHandbook.
Grades on examinations or in courses may not be publicly posted using students' names or social security numbers. If a faculty member wishes to post grades, he or she must do so in such a manner that no student can be personally identified by others.
Grades in all subjects are reported to students by the University after the end of each semester.
E. GRADE ASSIGNMENT FOR COURSES DROPPED
No penalty shall be assigned for dropping a course on or before mid-semester. A student who withdraws from a course prior to the tenth class day will have no grade assignment; however, after the first ten days a W (Withdrawn Passing) grade will be recorded for the course.
A course may be dropped with a W after mid-semester only under unusual conditions. When approval for dropping the course under such circumstances is granted by the student's dean, a W may be assigned only when the instructor indicates that the student is clearly passing the course. Otherwise, a grade of WF (Withdrawn Failing) is assigned.
F. RETENTION OF EXAMS BY FACULTY
Final examinations or similar evaluative material that has not been returned by faculty members should be retained by faculty members until the first day of the third semester after the final grade has been assigned.
5. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
A. THE GRADUATE COUNCIL
The governing body of the Graduate School is the Graduate Council. Graduate Council members represent the Graduate Faculty as a whole rather than the particular areas from which they come.
The Council is advisory to the President and acts on regulations and policies governing all graduate study and graduate degrees and on curriculum requests and proposals for new graduate programs, and assists the Dean of the Graduate School in carrying out regulations and policies. The Council helps to formulate changes in Graduate School policy. All actions of the Graduate Council are subject to the University President's review and approval. All general policy recommendations of the Graduate Council shall be reviewed by the University Senate before going forward to the President.
B. THE GRADUATE FACULTY
1. INTRODUCTION
Auburn University maintains a Graduate Faculty in accord with the requirements and recommendations set forth in SACS Criteria for Accreditation: Commission on Colleges, 11th ed., 2000, Section 4.8.2.3. These are quoted below:
Institutions offering either master's or specialist degrees must demonstrate a high level of faculty competence in teaching and scholarship. Institutions offering doctoral degrees must demonstrate the research capability of the faculty members teaching in these programs. Eligibility requirements for faculty members teaching graduate courses must be clearly defined and publicized.
All institutions must have adequate resources to attract and retain a qualified faculty, especially in the disciplines in which doctoral programs are offered. Faculty members responsible for the direction of doctoral research must be experienced in directing independent study. In addition, those engaged in graduate teaching should demonstrate, by their involvement in institutional activities, their commitment to the academic community, the institution they serve, their students, and their academic disciplines.
Each faculty member teaching courses at the master's and specialist degree level must hold the terminal degree, usually the earned doctorate, in the teaching discipline or a related discipline. . . . All faculty members teaching courses at the doctoral degree level must hold the earned doctorate in the teaching discipline or a related discipline.
The Commission recognizes that in unusual cases institutions may appropriately include as graduate faculty members those who have demonstrated exceptional scholarly or creative activity, or professional experience, but who may not possess the required academic credentials.
The Criteria further elaborates (Section 4.3.5):
The effectiveness of a graduate program depends largely on the scholarly stimulation obtained when a group of students interacts with faculty in complementary specialties. For this reason, graduate faculty members should be productive, creative scholars, readily accessible to their students. The institution must provide an environment which supports and encourages scholarly interaction and accessibility among the faculty and students consistent with the quantitative intent of the Criteria.
1. GRADUATE FACULTY MEMBERSHIP
Each department which offers a graduate degree shall develop and submit to the Graduate Council for approval a plan specifically detailing how those faculty members involved in teaching, directing research, or rendering other service to the program are selected and reviewed. New plans and modifications of approved plans may be submitted at any time. Guided by SACS criteria, the Graduate Council shall approve or disapprove the plans submitted. Department heads shall be responsible for ensuring that their departments comply with their approved plan.
While departmental plans may differ considerably, depending on local variables and on the nature of graduate instruction and research across the disciplines, all plans should include two main sections, one setting forth standards for appointment and one detailing procedures to be followed by the departments in determining whether faculty members have met those standards.
The following guidelines shall be observed:
All plans shall set forth specific and relevant standards for graduate faculty membership in the department in question. Where appropriate, plans may set forth distinct standards for the various levels of involvement in the graduate program, such as directing graduate student research, teaching graduate courses, serving on examining or advisory committees, or rendering other service to the graduate program.
All plans shall clearly state the term of appointment. No term shall exceed 7 years. Plans should contain criteria and standards for reappointment.
All plans shall specify clear and appropriate review procedures to be followed in considering candidates for initial appointment, and, where appropriate, reappointment. All plans that provide for more than one kind of appointment shall also specify appropriate procedures for considering changes in the kind of appointment.
All plans shall provide a coherent rationale for the criteria and procedures they propose.
2. NOMINATION AND REVIEW OF CANDIDATES
Candidates are nominated for Graduate Faculty membership and for renewal of membership in accord with the timetable set forth in their department's plan or in response to a call for nominations issued each fall semester by the Dean of the Graduate School. This call is timed to coincide with the Provost's call for nominations for promotion and tenure.
Each department shall review candidates for graduate faculty membership in accord with the plan approved by the Graduate Council.
Nominations shall be forwarded by department heads through the Dean of the College/School to the Dean of the Graduate School. Each nomination shall include 1) a letter from the department head which explains how the candidate's record and performance meet approved standards and demonstrates that the department has followed approved procedures, and 2) a vita from the candidate including the Standard Biographical Data sheet supplied by the Office of the Provost. It is recommended that the candidate submit the same vita compiled for consideration for promotion and tenure.
If the Dean of the Graduate School is satisfied that the candidate has met the criteria for his or her department and that the nominating department has complied with its approved plan, he or she shall recommend to the President the candidate's appointment.
If the Dean of the Graduate School judges that the candidate has not met approved criteria or that the nominating department has not followed approved procedures, he or she shall notify the nominee and the department head that the nomination shall be forwarded to the President with a recommendation against appointment. In such a case, the candidate may request an independent review of his or her credentials before the recommendation goes to the President. The Dean of the Graduate School shall then appoint an ad hoc review committee to render an independent assessment and recommendation. The committee shall be composed of three graduate faculty members from the candidate's discipline or from one closely related to it. The Dean of the Graduate School's recommendation and the ad hoc committee's recommendation shall then go forward to the President, whose decision is final. A candidate who is turned down at the department level may also request an independent review of his or her credentials by a similar committee. Such requests shall be sent to the Dean of the Graduate School through the department head.
3. PERIODIC REVIEW OF DEPARTMENT PLANS
The Graduate Council shall conduct periodic reviews of existing plans and of departmental compliance. Typically, these shall be timed to coincide with the SACS accreditation reviews.
Textbook orders for each instructional semester are placed with the Auburn University Bookstore and the private book stores in the city of Auburn through a University-wide system. Individual faculty orders are secured at the departmental level (on a specially prepared adoption form) and sent directly to local bookstores. Faculty are asked to cooperate fully in placing their orders well in advance and to utilize the University system, which is devised to ensure that textbooks will be available to students at all book stores and that instruction will not be impeded during the early part of the semester because texts are not available.
Faculty involvement in the writing or editing of textbooks published and marketed through national or regional publishing houses is regarded by the University as a legitimate and praiseworthy form of scholarly activity. At times, however, faculty members may wish to develop instructional materials for local use in their own classrooms. These nontraditional, duplicated packets or booklets of materials may be used supplementary to or in place of traditional textbooks.
The Auburn University Bookstore, working directly with the faculty member, obtains copyright clearance for duplication of all requested materials in advance of distribution. The AU Bookstore then reproduces, binds, and distributes the instructional material at cost plus overhead with no profit or revenue accruing to either the department or the faculty member. This system ensures that Auburn University and Auburn University faculty are not illegally using copyrighted material and exposing the University to liability and embarrassment. University endorsement has also been given to a procedure whereby individual faculty members, with the approval of their department heads, may arrange to have manuscripts for classroom use printed (only after obtaining copyright clearance) and sold by commercial duplicating services exterior to the campus.
Faculty shall refrain from selling textbooks or instructional materials directly to the students. Such practices are questionable financially and ethically.
Selection and production of instructional materials by faculty is essential to providing quality instruction. The freedom to choose instructional materials is central to the principle of academic freedom. Auburn University encourages faculty to publish instructional materials through reputable publishers that are marketed and used nationally. If such materials produced by a faculty member are appropriate for use in the faculty member’s classes and if the sale of such materials produces financial gain for the faculty member or his immediate family, faculty may (a) assign the material and choose not to accept financial gain that might result from royalties or other income generated by the sale of such materials by students enrolled in the faculty member’s class, or (b) turn the decision for selecting teaching materials over to an alternate responsible entity (e.g. a department chair or a departmental committee) qualified to determine if the materials are appropriate. Each department will develop a methodology for identifying the alternate responsible entity.
The production of instructional materials such as workbooks, answer sheets, or custom texts intended for use either exclusively or primarily at Auburn University shall be considered part of the faculty member’s assigned duties. It is expected that such shall be provided to the student at departmental or university expense, or at most, the cost of reproduction through a commercial reproducer.
Last Updated: July 7, 2011