Endocrinology IV

Pancreas
  1. I. Exocrine Portion
    1. Acini and production of pancreatic juice
    2. Ducts of Wirsung and Santorini
    3. Hormonal Regulation
      1. Secretin
      2. Cholecystokinin
  2. Endocrine Portion
    1. Introduction
      1. Cell Types
      2. Embryology
      3. History of Investigation
        1. Aristotle
        2. Von Mering and Minkowski
        3. Schultze
        4. Banting and Best
    2. Insulin
      1. Synthesis
      2. Factors Influencing Secretion
        1. Elevated Glucose
        2. Amino Acids
        3. Fatty acids and ketones
        4. Hormone
          1. Glucagon
          2. Gastro-intestinal hormones
        5. Neural Regulation
        6. Samatostatin
        7. Sulfonylureas
          1. Glybride (Micronase) (Dia Beta)
          2. Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
          3. Glipizide (Glucotrol)
          4. Actions
            1. Carbohydrate Metabolism
            2. Fat metabolism
            3. Protein metabolism
    3. Glucagon
      1. Actions
        1. Carbohydrates
        2. Fats
        3. Proteins
      2. Regulation
        1. Glucose
        2. Fatty Acids
        3. Amino Acids
    4. Other Pancreatic Hormones
      1. Somatostatin
      2. Pancreatic Polypeptide
    5. Diabetes Mellitus
      1. Types
      2. Symptoms
      3. Explanation
Thyroid Endocrinology
  1. Introduction and Anatomy
    1. Follicles & Colloid
    2. Thyrglobulin, tetratiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4), Triiodothyronine (T3 or rT3)
    3. C - cells
  2. Synthesis
    1. Synthesis of Thyroglobulin
    2. Iodide Trapping
    3. Oxidation of Iodide
    4. Organification
    5. Storage
      1. T4 - 90%
      2. T3 - 10%
      3. rT3, - <1%
  3. Release
  4. Regulation of Thyroid secretion
    1. TSH effects
      1. Iodide trapping
      2. Organification
      3. Endocytosis of colloid
      4. Proteolysis of thyroglobulin
      5. Release of T3 & T4
  5. Biological Activities
  6.  T4 & T3 Transport & Release to tissues
    1. Thyroxine binding globulin
    2. Thyroxine binding prealbumin
    3. Thyroxine binding albumin
  7.  Effects of T4/T3
    1. Calorigenesis
    2. Metabolic Effects
    3. Sympathomimetic effect
    4. Effect on Growth and Nervous System
    5. Effects on reproduction
    6. Sexual Functions
  8. Pathologies
    1. Hypothyroidism
      1. Causes
      2. Symptoms (Myxedems, Cretinism)
      3. Treatment (Levothyroid, Synthyroid)
    2. Hyperthyroidism
      1. Causes (Graves disease)
      2. Symptoms
      3. Treatment
    3. Goiters
Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin
Calcium and Phosphate
  1. Absorption and Excretion of Calcium and Phosphate
  2.  Role of Vitamin D
  3. Parathyroid Hormone
    1. Morphology of Gland
    2. Parathyroid Hormone Actions
      1. Increase calcium
      2. Decrease phosphate
    3. Regulation
  4. Calcitonin
    1. History
    2. Action
    3. Regulation
  5. Pathologies
Adrenal Physiology
  1. Introduction
    1. Medulla
    2. Cortex
      1. Zona glomerulosa
      2. Zona fasiculata
      3. Zona reticularis
    3. Pathologies associated with adrenal androgen hypersecretion
  2. The mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
    1. Functions
    2. Regulation of Secretion
      1. K+
      2. Renin Angiotensin
      3. Na+
      4. ACTH
    3. Pathologies
      1. Hypersecretion
        1. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
        2. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
      2. Hyposecretion (defer to later)
  3. The Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
    1. Metabolic Effects
      1. CHO Metabolism
        1. Gluconeogenesis
        2. Decrease glucose utilization
      2. Protein Metabolism
      3. Fat Metabolism
    2. Other Effects
      1. Stress
      2. Anti-inflammatory
    3. Regulation
    4. Pathologies
      1. Addison's Disease
      2. Gushing's Syndrome
Prostaglandins
  1. Introduction
  2. Classification
  3. Functions
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