PUT NAME ON FRONT AND BACK
SECTION _____________________________
1. The following are true statements about formed elements:
A. All with the exception of gamma globulin are made in the liver
B. The hematocrit indicates what percent of total blood volume
is due to the presence of the formed elements
C. Monocytes are one of the agranulocytes
D. All of these
E. Two of the above are correct
2. A "place" one would likely not find urobilinogen
A. Intestine D. Two of the above
B. Urine
E. All of the above
C. Blood
3. Contains bile
A. Hepatic duct D. Two of the above
B. Cystic duct E. All of
the above
C. Pancreatic duct
4. The following are true statements about the coagulation of blood:
A. The intrinsic pathway is the way blood clots in a test tube
B. Vitamin K is necessary for prothrombin synthesis
C. Anti-thrombin heparin cofactor inhibits prothrombin synthesis
D. Two of the above are correct
E. All of the above are correct
5. Most common hepatitis world-wide
A. HAV D. HDV
B. HBV E. HEV
C. HCV
6. Steroid hormones
A. Are all made from cholesterol
D. All of the above are correct
B. Are stored in the gland which secretes them
E. Two of the above are correct
C. Are mostly bound to plasma proteins
7. Most common cell in the adenohypophysis
A. Mammotroph D. Corticotroph
B. Gonadotroph E. Thyrotroph
C. Somatotroph
8. Possible site of oxytocin synthesis
A. Gonadotrophs D. Neurohypophysis
B. Thyrotrophs E. None of
these
C. Uterus
9. Not a function of the Sertoli cells
A. Produces androgen binding protein
D. Two of the above are correct
B. Produces plasminogen activating factor E.
All of the above are correct (all are functions of the Sertoli cells)
C. Produces germ cells
10. Leydig cells
A. Produce estrogens D. Two of the above
are correct
B. Produce inhibin
E. All of the above are correct
C. Produce testosterone
11. A fetus with a Wolffian duct must have had
A. H-Y antigen
D. Two of the above are correct
B. 5-alpha reductase E. None
of these
C. A genital tubercle
12. DHT effects the following
A. Fetal scrotal development D. Two of the above
are correct
B. Adult scrotal maintenance E. All
of these
C. Fetal prostate development
13. Causes androgen binding protein to sequester (bind) androgen
A. Testosterone D. FSH
B. Inhibin
E. GnRH
C. LH
14. Component of the pudendum
A. Labia D.
Two of the above are correct
B. Vagina E. All of the above
are correct
D. Hymen
15. Produces androgens
A. Leydig cells D. All of the above
are correct
B. Sertoli cells E. Two
of the above are correct
C. Granulosa cells
16. The following prevent implantation
A. Minipill D. All
of the above are correct
B. RU-486 E. Two of the above are
correct
C. I.U.D.
17. Causes androgen secretion by the fetal testes
A. FSH D. GnRH
B. LH E.
None of these
C. H-Y antigen
18. Fetal cortisol may
A. Increase lung maturation
D. All of the above are correct
B. Close the ductus arteriosus E. Two of the
above are correct
C. Increase contractions of the myometrium
A = INCREASE OR MORE THAN B =
DECREASE OR LESS THAN C = NO EFFECT OR EQUAL TO
19.A Effect of hypoxia on the amount of erythropoietin released by the kidney.
20.A Effect of ascorbate on the amount of iron that is absorbed by G.I. system.
21.C Effect of apoferritin on the amount of iron that is absorbed by the G.I. system.
22. A Hematocrit of an individual with primary polycythemia as compared to one with secondary polycythemia.
23.C Effect of Acetylcysteine on likelihood of coughing.
24.B Amount of oxygenated blood "received" by the liver as compared to the amount of unoxygenated blood "received" by the liver.
25.B Effect of cirrhosis on likelihood to have a "sweaty" liver.
26.A Effect of bile salts on subsequent bile secretion.
27.C Effect of emulsification on the solubility of fats in the intestine.
28.B Amount of bile salts absorbed in duodenum as compared to the amount lost in the feces.
29.C Effect of Actigall on plasma cholesterol levels.
30.B Number of steps in extrinsic pathway as compared to intrinsic pathway.
31.C Effect of Activase on the likelihood of fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin.
32.C Effect of GnRH on oxytocin release.
33.B Effect of melatonin on plasma GnRH levels.
34.A Effect of growth hormone on subsequent plasma glucose levels.
35.A Effect of growth hormone on growth of bone at the periosteum in a 30 year old man.
36.A Effect of increased plasma amino acids on subsequent growth hormone secretion.
37.C Testosterone levels in a person suffering from cryptorchidism as compared to a normal individual.
38.A Plasma LH levels in an 80 year old man as compared to an 18 year old man.
39.C Effect of Muellerian inhibiting factor on the likelihood of the genital tubercle differentiating into the clitoris.
40.A Effect of androgens on erythropoiesis.
41.C Number of corpora albicans as compared to the number of corpora lutea per cycle.
42.B Effect of high estrogen and high progesterone levels on GnRH secretion.
43.B Plasma FSH levels on day 6 as compared to day 11.
44.C Effect of relaxin on maternal insulin sensitivity.
45.C Effect of oxytocin on prolactin secretion.
46.B Effect of Danocrine on GnRH levels.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
47. ____________________________ Most common formed element.
48. ____________________________ Site of erythropoiesis in young child.
49. ____________________________ Type of anemia due to failure to produce RBC's.
50. ____________________________ Another name for Atrovent.
51. ____________________________ Macrophages in liver.
52. ____________________________ Structure, formed by bile salts, that helps to transport monoglycerides in the intestine.
53. ____________________________ "Good" lipoproteins.
54. ____________________________ Trade name of drug that inhibits cholesterol synthesis.
55. ____________________________ Substance produced from platelet cell membranes which causes other platelets to aggregate -- also a vasoconstrictor.
56. ____________________________ Factor missing in most people with hemophilia.
57. ____________________________ Saddle-like depression that protects the pituitary.
58. ____________________________ Hormone that causes the release of L.H.
59. ____________________________ Primary site of IGF production.
60. ____________________________ Disease associated with excess growth hormone in an adult.
61. ____________________________ Source of the prostaglandin in the seminal fluid.
62. ____________________________ Spongy tissue in penis.
63. ____________________________ Labia majora develop from this embryological structure.
64. ____________________________ Hormone that causes masculinization of brain.
65. ____________________________ Specific site of production of Muellerian Inhibiting Factor.
66. ____________________________ Thought to directly inhibit FSH secretion in the male.
67. ____________________________ "Cilia" surrounding the infundibulum.
68. ____________________________ Most abundant estrogen in non-pregnant
female.
PUT NAME ON FRONT AND BACK
PUT ALL ANSWERS ON SCAN SHEET
NAME _____________________________________
SECTION ________________
1. Most common element of plasma
A. Erythrocytes D. Lymphocytes
B. Thrombocytes E. None of these
C. Neutrophils
2. Plasma proteins
A. Are all made in the liver
D. All of these
B. Transport steroid hormones E. Two of these
C. Transport FSH
3. Sites of erythropoiesis
A. Liver
D. All of these
B. Yolk sac E. Two of these
C. Yellow marrow
4. Erythropoietin
A. Is produced in the kidney D. All of
these
B. Is also called Mevacor
E. Two of these
C. Attaches to receptors on undifferentiated RBC's
5. Anemia associated with Vitamin B deficiency
A. Renal D. Hemorrhagic
B. Aplastic E. None of these
C. Nutritional
6. Bilirubin
A. Contains iron D. All of these
B. Is colored
E. Two of these
C. May ultimately (after some biochemical conversions) be excreted
in the feces or urine
7. Diphenhydramine is
A. A Beta-2 agonist D. A mucolytic
B. A bronchodilator E. Two of these
C. An antihistamine
8. Antitussive
A. May contain codeine
D. Two of these
B. May be represented by a drug such as Mucomyst
E. None of these
C. Promote expectoration
9. The liver
A. Receives blood from the portal vein
D. All of these
B. Synthesizes urea
E. Two of these
C. Produces chylomicrons
10. The Sphincter of Oddi is found with the
A. Cystic duct D. Pancreatic duct
B. Hepatic duct E. Donald duct
C. Common bile duct
11. Cholecystokinin
A. Is produced by the liver D. Two of
these
B. Emulsifies fats
E. None of these
C. Causes the liver to contract
12. Bile salts
A. Are made from cholesterol
D. All of these
B. Form micelles
E. Two of these
C. Are absorbed in the duodenum and re-cycled
13. Prevents clotting
A. Dicumerol D. Two of these
B. Embolex E. All of these
C. Activase
14. Hepatitis transmitted via a fecal/oral route
A. HAV D. All of these
B. HCV E. Two of these
C. HEV
15. The adenohypophysis
A. Is embryologically derived from the sell turcica
B. Produces releasing factors D. Two
of these
C. Releases Oxytocin
E. None of these
16. The hypothalamus
A. Produces ADH
D. All of these
B. Produces somatomedin E.
Two of these
C. Produces GnRH
17. Gonadotrophs
A. Are found in the anterior pituitary D. Two
of these
B. Produces GnRH
E. None of these
C. Produces estrogens
18. Produced by the pars inter media
A. TSH D. TRY
B. MSH E. A & B
C. ADH
19. Produced by the anterior pituitary
A. FSH D.
All of these
B. Estrogens E. Two of these
C. Melatonin
20. The primary ossification area
A. Is located in the diaphysis
D. All of these
B. Is stimulated by growth hormone after puberty
E. Two of these
C. Is initially composed of cartilage
21. Cryptorchid males
A. Have a Y chromosome D. All of these
B. Do not have a scrotum E. Two of these
C. Do not have testosterone
22. Function of Sertoli cells
A. Produce estrogens D. Two of these
B. Produces plasmin E. All of these
C. Produces inhibin
23. Sperm mature in this structure
A. Vas deferens D. Seminal vesicle
B. Epididymis E. Corpus cavernosum
C. Prostrate
24. An X. embryo without 5-alpha reductase
A. Would have a clitoris
D. All of these
B. Would have an epididymis E. Two of
these
C. Would never have a Muellerian duct
25. All embryos have
A. Genital folds
D. All of these
B. A Wolffian ducts E. Two of these
C. Ovaries
26. Fertilization normally occurs here
A. Fundus D. Corpus luteum
B. Ampulla E. None of these
C. Fimbria
27. Part of the pudendum
A. Vagina
D. All of these
B. Labia minora E. Two of these
C. Hymen
28. Causes meiosis to resume in female
A. L.H. D. Estrogen
B. FSH E. None of these
C. Inhibin
29. Thecal and granulosa cells (collectively) produce
A. Progesterone D. All of these
B. Estrogen E.
Two of these
C. Plasminogen activating factor
30. Thecal cells
A. Are found in primary follicles D. Two of
these
B. Can produce estrogens
E. None of these
C. Form part of the zona pellucida
31. Causes fetal testes to secrete androgens
A. L.H. D. FSH
B. H.C.F. E. Inhibin
C. H-Y Antigen
32. Causes decidual cells to secrete
A. FSH
D. Inhibin
B. Progesterone E. ACTH
C. L.H.
33. Potential sites of oxytocin synthesis
A. Hypothalamus D. All of these
B. posterior pituitary E. Two of these
C. Uterus
A = INCREASE OR GREATER THAN B = DECREASE OR LESS THAN C= NO EFFECT OR EQUAL TO
34. Number of neutrophils as compared to number of lymphocytes
35. Number of Thrombocytes as compared to number of leucocytes
36. Effect of ascorbate on iron absorption
37. Effect of increased apoferritin activity on the amount of iron
absorbed from an intestinal cell into the plasma
38. Effect of cirrhosis on pressure in the hepatic portal vein
39. Effect of cigarette smoking on plasma LDL levels
40. Effect of Questran on plasma phospholipid levels
41. Effect of prostacyclins on platelet aggregation
42. Number of steps in intrinsic pathway as compared to extrinsic pathway
43. Effect of lack of calcium on the synthesis of prothrombin
44. Duration of response in the endocrine system as compared to the nervous system
45. Effect of testosterone binding to receptors in the larynx on subsequent intracellular CAMP levels
46. Effect of stimulating osmoreceptors on the amount of ADH secreted into the hypophyseal portal vein
47. Effect of TRY on prolactin secretion
48. Effect of oxytocin on the secretion of milk
49. Effect of growth hormone on plasma amino acid levels
50. Effect of GH on plasma glucose levels
51. Effect of GH on somatostatin production by the liver
52. Plasma IGF levels in a 7 year old as compared to a 27 year old
53. Effect of increased plasma amino acids on GHRH secretion
54. Plasma GH levels in a Loran dwarf as compared to a normal individual
55. Effect of L.H. on estrogen production by the Leydig cells
56. Effect of H-Y antigen on the secretion of androgens by embryonic testes
57. Effect of androgens on plasma cholesterol levels
58. Effect of D.H.T. On skeletal muscle development in an adolescent
59. Effect of L.H. on androgen binding proteins capacity to bind androgens
60. Effect o inhibin on L.H. secretion
61. Plasma FSH levels in an 80 year old male as compared to an 18 year old
62. Effect of xenoestrogens on the incidence of acromegaly
63. Effect of oxytocin on endometrial contraction
64. Number of oogonia as compared to the number of primary oocytes
65. Effect of FSH on primary follicles to begin to mature
66. Potency of estrone as compared to estriol
67. Effect of estrogens on the thickness of vaginal epithelium
68. Effect of progesterone on the thickness of the cervical mucus plug
69. Plasma FSH levels on day 13 as compared to plasma LH levels
70. Effect of high plasma estrogens on GnRH secretion
71. Effect of Ortho-Novum on plasma levels on GnRH
72. Effect of RU-486 on plasma estrogen levels
73. Effect of relaxin on fetal somatomedin levels
74. Effect of oxytocin on the secretion of milk
75. Effect of Danocrine on GnRH levels
EXTRA CREDIT:
Why do you suppose that gonadal androgens dictate the phenotypic sex
rather than estrogens? In other words, why are androgens controlling
this system rather than estrogens?
Put your name on front and back Name________________________________
Put all answers on the scan sheet Section________________________________
1. If the hematocrit is 40 then
a. the volume occupied by the red blood cells is nearly
60% of the total blood volume.
b. the volume occupied by the white blood cells is nearly
40% of the total blood volume.
c. the volume occupied by the red blood cells is nearly
40% of the total blood volume.
d. the volume occupied by the plasma and other cellular
elements is nearly 40% of the total blood
volume.
e. More than one of the above are correct.
2. Which is the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood?
a. Erythrocytes. d. Lymphocytes.
b. Neutrophils. e. Platelets.
c. Leukocytes.
3. Hemoglobin
a. is found in the nuclei of red blood cells. d.
Two of the above are correct.
b. contains carbonic anhydrase. e. All
of the above are correct.
c. can combine with O2, CO2, H+, and CO.
4. An agranulocyte
a. Lymphocyte d. More than one answer
is correct
b. Thrombocyte e. None are correct
c. Basophil
5. Red blood cells are made
a. in yellow bone marrow d. all of the above
b. from reticular cells e. two answers
are correct
c. from hemocytoblasts
6. Platelets are directly derived from a
a. prothrombocyte d. megakaryoblast
b. metamegakaryocyte e. none of these
c. reticulocyte
7. Erythropoietin
a. is secreted by the bone marrow. d.
is deficient in pernicious anemia.
b. stimulates red blood cell production. e.
more than one of the above are correct.
c. converts prothrombin to thrombin.
8. In aplastic anemia
a. there is insufficient hemoglobin formation due to iron
deficiency.
b. there is an acute loss of blood.
c. destruction of the bone marrow has occurred as a result
of exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation.
d. the stomach secretes inadequate intrinsic factor, which
is essential for intestinal absorption of vitamin
B12..
e. there is increased fragility of the erythrocyte cell
membrane.
9. By bacterial action, conjugated bilirubin is converted into
a. bile d. stercobilin
b. biliverdin e. none of these
c. hemosiderin
10. Type of drug that can be used as a bronchodilator
a. an anticholinergic d. all of these
are correct
b. a beta-2 antagonist e. two of these are
correct
c. a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
11. Acetylcysteine would most likely be used to treat
a. asthma d. a cough
b. a stuffy nose e. hay fever
c. cystic fibrosis
12. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a. metabolic processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and
fats
b. secretion of proteolytic digestive enzymes
c. detoxification and/or degradation of body wastes, hormones,
drugs, and foreign compounds
d. synthesis of plasma proteins essential to the clotting
process
e. storage of glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and many vitamins
13. Which of the following stimulates gallbladder contraction?
a. cholecystokinin d. both (a)
and (c) above are correct
b. secretin e. both (b) and
(c) above are correct
c. sympathetic stimulation
14. Which of the following is not true of bile?
a. Bile contains an excretory product, bilirubin.
b. Bile salts aid in protein digestion by transporting
amino acids to the intestinal mucosa cells for
absorption.
c. Bile salts emulsify fat in the lumen of the small intestine.
d. Bile salts exert a detergent action.
e. Bile contains bile salts which, along with other constituents
of bile, form water-soluble micelles that
aid fat absorption.
15. Which does not belong
a. Mevacor d. Hypolipemic
b. Lopid e. Questran
c. Actigall
16. Which is not a function of hepatocytes
a. gluconeogenesis d. two of these are
not functions
b. glycogenolysis e. all of these are
functions
c. glycogenesis
17. The following are lipoproteins
a. lecithins d. all of these
b. cephalins e. none of these
c. sphingomyelins
18. Platelets
a. are important in hemostasis.
b. convert prothrombin to thrombin.
c. from the meshwork upon which the erythrocytes become
trapped to produce a clot.
d. Two of the above are correct.
e. All of the above are correct.
19. Prostacyclin
a. activates the clotting cascade.
b. induces profound vasoconstriction of an injured vessel.
c. profoundly inhibits platelet aggregation.
d. is released by aggregated platelets.
e. dissolves the clot.
20. "Converts" plasminogen into plasmin
a. CA++ d. Fiborblasts
b. Factor XII e. Heparin
c. Factor VII
21. An anticoagulant
a. Coumadin d. All of these
b. Embolex e. Two of these are
correct
c. Streptase
22. Since fibrinogen is always present in the blood but the blood does
not clot, _____________ must normally be absent.
a. prothrombin d. red blood cells
b. thrombin e. platelets
c. calcium
23. Paracrines
a. are long-range chemical mediators that are specifically
secreted into the blood by endocrine glands and
are carried to distant target organs.
b. are hormones released into the blood specifically by
neurosecretory neurons.
c. are hormones released specifically from the parathyroid
glands.
d. are local chemical mediators whose effect is exerted
only on neighboring cells in the immediate
environment of their site of secretion.
e. are very short-range chemical mediators released by
neurons in response to action potentials.
24. Which of the following statements concerning hormones is incorrect?
a. A single endocrine gland may produce multiple hormones.
b. A single target cell may be influenced by more than
one hormone.
c. A single hormone can influence only one type of target
cell.
d. The same hormone may be secreted by more than one endocrine
gland.
e. More than one answer is incorrect.
25. Which of the following situations represents negative feedback?
a. When hormone A stimulates hormone B, hormone B inhibits
hormone C.
b. When hormone A inhibits hormone B, hormone B inhibits
hormone A.
c. When hormone A stimulates hormone B, hormone B inhibits
hormone A.
d. When hormone A inhibits hormone B, hormone B inhibits
hormone C.
e. When hormone A stimulates hormone B, hormone B stimulates
hormone A.
26. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior
pituitary?
a. CRH. d. LH.
b. TSH. e. GH.
c. FSH.
27. Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled
a. by hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus.
b. directly by neural innervation of anterior pituitary
cells.
c. by negative-feedback action of target-tissue hormones.
d. Both (a) and (c) above are correct.
e. All of the above are correct.
28. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones
a. are responsible for the deposition of melanin in the
skin during the process of tanning.
b. are produced by the posterior pituitary.
c. are present in varying amounts in races of different
skin color.
d. are important for color adaptations associated with
camouflage in certain lower vertebrates.
e. More than one of the above are correct.
29. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
a. carries vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamus
to the posterior pituitary for storage.
b. carries hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus
to the posterior pituitary to control the
release of posterior pituitary hormones.
c. carries hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus
to the anterior pituitary to control the
release of anterior pituitary hormones.
d. carries vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamus
to the anterior pituitary to control the release
of anterior pituitary hormones.
e. Both (b) and (c) above are correct.
30. Hormone produced by the hypothalamus
a. prolactin d. all of these
b. TSH e. A & C
c. somatostatin
31. Which of the following is not a function of growth hormone?
a. Increased uptake of amino acids by cells.
b. Stimulates the synthesis of somatomedins.
c. Enhances glucose uptake by muscle cells.
d. Stimulates cell division.
e. Promotes bone growth until the epiphyseal plate is closed.
32. Androstenedione can be directly converted to
a. Estrone d. All of these
b. Testosterone e. A & B
c. Estradiol 17-R
33. Which of the following is not a function of Sertoli cells?
a. produce Muellerian inhibiting factor
b. secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
c. secrete androgen-binding protein
d. provide binding sites for LH
e. more than one of these is not a function of Sertoli
cells
34. Sperm mature in the
a. Seminal vesicles d. Prostate
b. Epididymis e. Vas deferens
c. Sertoli cells
35. The embryonic genital tubercle develops into the ___________________
in males and the ____________
in females.
a. scrotum, labia majora
b. glans penis, clitoris
c. penis, labia minora
d. Wolffian ducts, Muellerian ducts
e. penis, vagina
36. Which of the following is not associated with sex determination
and differentiation in a male?
a. Degeneration of Wolffian ducts.
b. Differentiation of indifferent gonadal tissue into testes
under the influence of the sex-determining
region of the Y chromosome.
c. Production of H-Y antigen.
d. Secretion of Muellerian inhibiting factor.
e. Secretion of testosterone.
37. Female embryos do not have
a. H-Y antigen d. All of these
b. Wolffian ducts e. A & B
c. Genital folds
38. The following are DDT dependant
a. Fetal development of penis d. All of these
b. Adult distribution of hair e. A & B
c. Spermatogenesis
39. Skene's glands
a. secrete mucus d. all of these
b. are found within the vagina e. A & C
c. are also called paraurethral glands
40. Inhibits FSH secretion around day 10 of cycle
a. Estrogens d. All of these
b. Progesterone e. A & C
c. Inhibin
41. May cause the demise of the corpus luteum
a. elevated estrogens d. inhibin
b. decreased L.H. e. two of the above
answers are correct
c. prostaglandin
42. The following work primarily by prohibiting implantation
a. Nonoxynol-9 d. All of these
b. I.U.D. e. Two are correct
c. Minipill
A = Increase or greater than B = Decrease or less than C = No effect or equal to
43. Effect of ascorbate on iron absorption in gut
44. Effect of increasing apoferritin on amount of iron deposited in
the intestinal absorptive pool.
45. Blood flow in hepatic artery as compared to the hepatic portal
vein.
46 Amount of cholesterol in an HCL as compared to an LDS.
47. Number of steps in intrinsic pathway as compared to the extrinsic
pathway.
48. Effect of dicumerol on fibrinogen synthesis.
49. Effect of G.H. on plasma glucose levels.
50. Effect of G.H. on fat stores.
51. Effect of somatostatin on plasma GH levels.
52. Effect of cutting vas deferens on plasma testosterone levels.
53. Plasma androgen levels of a 4 month old fetus as compared to a
4 year old boy.
54. Plasma LH levels of a 17 year old male as compared to a 70 year
old male.
55. Effect of inhibin on L.H. secretion.
56. Proximity of isthmus to the fundus as compared to the proximity
of the ampulla to the fundus.
57. Number of corpra albicans as compared to the number of corpra lutea
each cycle.
58. Effect of estrogens on myometrial activity.
59. Effect of L.H. on the amount of androgens converted to estrogens
by thecal cells.
60. Progesterone levels on day 2 as compared to day 10 of cycle.
A = True B = False
61. The liver stores the iron found within bilirubin.
62. The sinusoids are the functional capillaries in the liver.
63. Blood in a test tube clots via the intrinsic mechanism.
64. People with D.I.C. typically bleed to death.
65. GnRH is produced by that part of the pituitary that is derived
from Rathke's pouch.
66. The same anterior pituitary cell type makes ACTH and MSH.
67. Pygmies lack GH.