Tmax of substance X = 300 mg/min
GFR = 200 ml/min
Plasma concentration of X = 400 mg/100 ml
Urine volume = 80 ml/20 min
Renal fraction = 25%
Hematocrit = 50
Urine concentration of X = 50 mg/10 ml
Blood pressure = 130/85
SHOW ALL YOUR WORK SECTION____________________________
CIRCLE YOUR ANSWERS
1. Define renal clearance.
Hypothetical plasma volume containing the amount of any substance
excreted in the urine per minute.
2. Calculate the renal clearance of substance X given the following:
Tmax of substance X = 300 mg/min
GFR = 200 ml/min
Plasma concentration of X = 400 mg/100 ml
Urine volume = 80 ml/20 min
Renal fraction = 25%
Hematocrit = 50
Urine concentration of X = 50 mg/10 ml
Blood pressure = 130/85
3. Calculate the GFR given the following:
Renal blood flow = 2,000 ml/min 
Urine volume = 10 ml/min
Filtration fraction = 20%
Tmax of glucose = 300 mg/min
Creatinine clearance = 225
Glucose clearance = 0
Cardiac output = 6,000 ml/min
4. Calculate the tubular load of substance X given the following:
Plasma concentration of X = 2 mg/ml
Urine volume = 6 ml/min 
Tmax of X = 200 mg/ml
Clearance of PAH = 800
Hematocrit = 50
Amount of X excreted = 100 mg/min
Renal fraction = 30%
5. Calculate the GFR given the following:
Renal plasma threshold of X = 3 mg/ml
Renal clearance of PAH = 800
Hematocrit = 50 
Urine volume = 3 ml/min
Tmax of X = 240 mg/min
Cardiac output = 5000 ml/min
Renal fraction = 20%
6. Calculate the amount of inulin excreted per minute given the following:
Cardiac output = 5,000 ml/min
GFR = 150 ml/min 
Plasma concentration of inulin = 2 mg/ml
Creatinine clearance = 900
Renal fraction = 20%
HCT = 50
Suppose line X represents the amount of glucose that is filtered
Draw a similar line representing this line for the amount of uric acid filtered and label it Y
Draw a third line representing the amount of uric acid filtered under
the influence of Probenecid and label it Z.
ANSWER FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 1 THROUGH 56 ON SCAN SHEET
1. Would cause an increase in thirst
A. Hypertonicity in area of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors
B. High pressure in left atrium
C. Angiotensin II
D. All of these
E. A & C
2. Function(s) of the kidney
A. Secrete H+
D. All of these
B. Regulate blood pressure E.
Two of the above are correct
C. Produce hormones
3. Which is (are) a correct sequence that a drop of filtrate might take.
Only sequence is important.
A. Proximal convoluted tubule, calyx, collecting duct,
bladder
B. Thin segment, thick segment, renal pelvis, ureter
C. Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, urethra, bladder
D. None of these
E. Two of the above are correct
4. Found in the medulla
A. Renal pyramids D.
All of these
B. Ureters
E. Two of the above are correct
C. Thin segment
5. Which is a correct sequence that a RBC would take in going through
the kidney. Only the sequence is important.
A. Renal artery, Efferent arteriole, Afferent arteriole,
Renal vein
B. Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, Peritubular capillaries,
Renal vein
C. Arcuate artery, Interlobular artery, Peritubular
capillary, Renal vein
D. None of these
E. Two of the above are correct
6. Podocytes are:
A. Part of the glomerulus D. All of these
B. Octopus shaped
E. Two of the above
C. May be effected by aldosterone
7. Which of the following symptoms is associated with acidosis?
A. Extreme nervousness
D. Muscle twitches and muscle spasms
B. Disoriented and comatose
E. Convulsions
C. Tingling, "pins and needles" sensations
8. Which of the following reactions would occur to compensate for excess
lactic acid accumulation in the ECF during heavy exercise?
A. CO2 + H2O yields H2CO3 yields H+ + HCO3-
B. H+ + HCO3 yields H2CO3 yields CO2
+ H2
C. H+ + Hb yields Hhb
D. HHb yields H+ + Hb
E. NH4+ yields NH3 + H+
9. Which of the following is an important urinary buffer?
A. H2CO3:HCO3- buffer system D. Protein
buffer system
B. Hemoglobin buffer system E. Calcium
buffer system
C. Phosphate buffer system
10. If the tubular filtrate becomes too acidic, which of the following
substances is secreted by the tubular epithelial cells to buffer
the secreted H+?
A. HCO3- D. NH4+
B. OH- E. Basic phosphate
C. NH3
11. If the [HCO3] / [CO2] ratio is 40/1,
A. the kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and
increase HCO3- excretion to compensate.
B. respiration will become shallow and slow to compensate.
C. respiration will become deep and rapid to compensate.
D. Both A and B above are correct.
E. Both A and C above are correct.
12. A loop diuretic
A. Lasix D.
All of these
B. Esidrix E. Two of
the above
C. Diamax
13. Stimulates inspiration on the inspiratory effort
A. Stimulating the nucleus tractus solitarius
D. All of these
B. Stimulating the pneumotaxic center
E. Two of the above
C. Stimulating the nucleus ambiguus
14. Pollens likely stimulate these receptors
A. Herring Breuer D. Antigenic
receptors
B. Unmylinated C-fibers E. None
of these
C. Irritant receptors
15. The primary regulator of the magnitude of ventilation in normal
circumstances is
A. the H+ concentration of the brain
extracellular fluid monitored by central chemoreceptors.
B. the Po2 of the arterial blood monitored by central chemoreceptors.
C. the Po2 of the arterial blood monitored by peripheral
chemoreceptors.
D. the Po2 of the arterial blood directly monitored by
central chemoreceptors.
E. the Po2 of the arterial blood monitored by peripheral
chemoreceptors.
16. Which of the following statements concerning the dorsal respiratory
group (DRG) is correct?
A. The DRG consists of both inspiratory neurons and expiratory
neurons.
B. The neurons of the DRG remain inactive during normal
quiet breathing.
C. The DRG is called into play by the VRG as an "overdrive"
mechanism during periods when demands for ventilation are increased.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. None of the above are correct.
17. Which of the following statements concerning the peripheral chemoreceptors
is incorrect? The peripheral chemoreceptors
A. are stimulated whenever the arterial Po2 falls
below normal.
B. are weakly stimulated by a rise in arterial Pco2.
C. are stimulated by an increase in arterial H+,
which plays an important role in acid-base balance.
D. are located at the bifurcation of the common carotid
arteries and in the aortic arch.
E. when stimulated, reflexly increase ventilation.
18. The following is not a sinus
A. Frontal D.
Maxillary
B. Sphenoid E. None of the
above (all are sinuses)
C. Hyoid
19. Cartilage that attaches the vocal cords
A. Cricoid D. Auneiform
B. Epiglohic E. None of
these
C. Thyroid
20. Not part of the respiratory unit
A. Atrium D. Alveolar duct
B. Alveoli E. Two of the above
are not part of the respiratory unit
C. Terminal bronchiole
21. Without pulmonary surfactant,
A. small alveoli would tend to empty into larger
alveoli.
B. larger alveoli would tend to empty into smaller alveoli.
C. all alveoli would be easier to inflate.
D. the surface tension in the alveoli would be reduced.
E. Two of the above are correct.
22. The minimum volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal
expiration is termed the
A. tidal volume.
D. vital capacity.
B. funcional residual capacity.
E. No air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
C. residual volume.
23. Approximate pCO2 in the pulmonary artery
A. 40 D. 104
B. 45 E. None of these
C. 160
24. When hemoglobin enters a systemic capillary it releases
its O2 because
A. The pO2 decreases
D. All of these
B. The temperature increases E.
Two of the above are correct
C. The Haldane effect
25. The predominant form of hemoglobin in the dorsal aorta
A. KHb
D. K2HbO2
B. KHbO2 E. None of these
C. HHb
A = Increase or greater than B = Decrease or less than C = No effect or equal to
26.C Effect of ADH on rate of sweating.
27.B Number of vasa recta in a cortical nephron as compared o the number in a juxta medullary nephron.
28.A Effect of increasing Bowman's capsule pressure on the filtration fraction.
29.A Effect of increasing glomerular blood pressure on the subsequent tubular load of glucose.
30.A Effect of ANP on the filtration fraction.
31.A Effect of ANP on ADH secretion.
32.B Effect of increased delivery of sodium to the macula densa on the subsequent diameter of the afferent arteriole.
33.A Effect of angiotensin II on the subsequent renal clearance of K+.
34.B Effect of angiotensin II on the diameter of the efferent arteriole.
35.C Effect of increasing glomerular blood pressure on the renal fraction.
36.B Amount of alanine (amino acid) in the efferent arteriole versus the afferent arteriole.
37.C Amount of alanine in the renal artery versus the renal vein.
38.C Amount of glucose in the thin segment versus the thick segment (assume diabetes).
39.C Tmax of glucose of a normal person as compared to one with diabetes mellitus.
40.A Amount of PAH in collecting duct as compared to the amount in Bowman's Capsule.
41.B Concentration of creatinine in afferent arteriole as compared to the efferent arteriole.
42 A Concentration of inulin in the DCT as compared to Bowman's Capsule.
43.B Concentration of sodium in ascending Loop of Henle versus the descending Loop of Henle (assume same horizontal position or gradient).
44.C Effect of ADH on the permeability of the ascending Loop of Henle.
45.
46. A Effect of Aldactazide on the renal clearance of Na+.
47. B Effect of stimulating the Botzinger's Complex on the subsequent activity of the external intercostals.
48.B Effect of stimulating Herring-Breuer reflex on inspiration.
49.A Activity of nucleus tractus solitarius during normal respiration as compared to the activity of the nucleus retro-ambigualis.
50.B Magnitude of interpleural pressure as compared to intraalveolar pressure during expiration.
51.B Magnitude of interpleural pressure as compared to intraalveolar pressure during inspiration.
52.B Volume of tidal volume as compared to the inspiratory reserve volume.
53.C PO2 in femoral artery as compared to pO2 in the pulmonary vein.
54.B Amount of CO2 transported in the RBC in the form of bicarbonate as compared to the amount transported in the RBC in the form of carbamino hemoglobin.
55.A Effect of Bohr effect on the p5O of hemoglobin.
56.B Effect of increasing temperature on the affinity of hemoglobin
for oxygen.
NAME ______________________________
SECTION ____________________________
For problems show your work and circle your answer
Define renal clearance (2)
Calculate the renal clearance of substance X given the following:
GFR = 200 ml/min.
Tmax = 400 mg/min.
Plasma concentration of X = 2 mg/100 ml
Renal fraction = 30%
Urine concentration of X = 4 mg/ml
Hematocrit = 50
R. Clearance of sodium = 20
Urine volume = 120 ml/hr.
Calculate the amount of substance X excreted per minute given the following
information:
Renal clearance of PAH = 900
Renal fraction = 40%
Tmax = 400
Renal clearance of inulin = 200
Urine concentration of X = 20 mg/ml
Hematocrit = 50
Plasma concentration of X = 3 mg/ml
Calculate the renal plasma threshold of X given the following:
Creatinine clearance = 150
Hematocrit = 50
Filtration fraction = 20%
Cardiac output = 6000 ml/min
Tmax = 400
Urine volume = 20 ml/5 min.
Urine concentration of X = 2 mg/ml
Calculate the renal fraction given the following:
GFR = 200 ml/min
Urine volume = 6 ml/min
Filtration fraction = 20%
Hematocrit = 50
Tmax = 300
Cardiac output = 6,000 ml/min.
Calculate the renal clearance of inulin given the following information:
Plasma concentration of inulin = 2 mg/ml
Tmax = 0
Urine concentration on inulin = 4 mg/ml
Renal blood volume = 1200 ml
Hematocrit = 50
Filtration fraction = 20%
Cardiac output = 5000 ml/min
Suppose in preceding figure line A represented the amount of PAH filtered;
draw a line representing the amount of PAH excreted and label it "P".
Suppose in the preceding figure line A represents the amount of inulin
excreted; draw a line representing the amount of inulin filtered and label
it "I".
PUT ALL ANSWERS FOR QUESTIONS 1 - 53 ON SCAN SHEET:
1. The following would cause an increase in thirst
A. Stimulating the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
B. Stimulating low pressure receptors in the left atrium
C. ADH (Vasopressin)
D. All of these
E. A & B
2. Source of water loss that is regulated so as to conserve water
A. Sweating D. A &
B
B. Fecal
E. None of these
C. Evaporation from lungs
3. Which is (are) a function of the kidney?
A. Reabsorbs K+ D. All of these
B. Secretes K+
E. B & C
C. Produces renin
4. Which is in correct anatomical sequence (Note: Only the sequence
is important. Some intervening structures may be missing).
A. PCT, thin segment, calyx, urethra, ureter
B. PCT, thick segment, thin segment, collecting duct, bladder
C. Bowman's capsule, thin segment, calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
D. Descending Loop, DCT, collecting duct, urethra, bladder
E. None are in correct sequence
5. Consider a situation in which the plasma volume in the afferent arterioles
(all of them) is 500 ml of plasma. Suppose you are considering
a substance like inulin which is present in the afferent arteriole in
a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The GFR is equal to 100 ml/min.
Which of the following statements are true?
A. All of the inulin in the afferent arteriole is filtered.
B. There will be less inulin in the renal artery than the venal
vein.
C. There will be less inulin in the collecting duct than in the
DCT.
D. All of these
E. A & B
6. Assume the same situation as #5.
A. The renal clearance of inulin would be 100
B. The concentration of inulin in the afferent and efferent arteriole
would be the same.
C. Inulin would be reabsorbed in the PCT
D. All of these
E. A & B
7. The following are true statements about the kidney's filter.
A. Glomerular blood pressure forces a nearly protein free filtrate
into Bowman's Capsule.
B. The mesangial cells on the podocytes may regulate the rate
of filtration.
C. The endothelial cells are octopus-shaped
D. All of these
E. A & B
8. Which of the following symptoms is associated with acidosis?
A. Extreme nervousness.
D. Muscle twitches and muscle spasms.
B. Disoriented and comatose.
E. Convulsions.
C. Tingling, "pins and needles" sensations.
9. Which of the following is an important urinary buffer?
A. H2CO3: HCO3-buffer
system.
B. Hemoglobin buffer system.
C. Phosphate buffer system.
D. Protein buffer system.
E. Calcium buffer system.
10. The kidney tubular cells secrete NH3
A. When the urinary pH becomes too high.
B. When the body is in a state of alkalosis.
C. To buffer the acid phosphate excreted in the urine.
D. When there is excess NH3 in the body fluid.
E. To enable further renal secretion of H+ to occur.
11. Which of the following statements concerning the kidneys' response
to increased [H+] in the body fluids is incorrect?
A. When [H+] increases, the kidneys conserve HCO3-
by reabsorbing more HCO3 and reducing its
excretion in the urine.
B. When [H+] increases, the kidneys secrete more H+to
be eliminated in the urine.
C. When [H+] increases, the kidneys secrete more basic
phosphate to buffer the H+ in the tubular filtrate.
D. When [H+] decreases, the kidneys excrete more HCO3-into
the urine.
E. When severe acidosis is present, the kidney tubules secrete
NH3.
12. During respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis
A. Breathing becomes faster and deeper.
B. Breathing becomes slower and shallower.
C. CO2 levels in the body decrease.
D. Both A and C above are correct.
E. Both B and C above are correct.
13. In respiratory acidosis
A. The pH is too low
D. All of these
B. Respiration is increased in order to compensate
E. A & B
C. The kidneys excrete bicarbonate to compensate
14. The following are thiazides
A. Diuril D. All of these
B. Esidrix E. A & B
C. Butex
15. Causes dilation of the larynx and pharynx
A. Pneumotaxic center D. Nucleus retro-ambigualis
B. Nucleus ambiguous E. None of these
C. Botzinger's complex
16. Inhibits respiration
A. Pneumotaxic center D.
All of these
B. Herring Breuer Reflex E. A & B
C. Botzinger's nucleus
17. This would likely induce you to breathe, if you were holding your
breath
A. Increasing CO2 C. Increasing H+
B. Decreasing O2 D. None of these
18. Air would not be found in
A. Oropharynx
D. All of these
B. Arytenoid sinus
E. B & C
C. Esophagus
19. Not part of the dead space
A. Nasopharynx
D. B & C
B. Terminal bronchioles
E. None of these - all are part of the dead space
C. Atrium
20. At the end of a normal expiration when outward air flow has ceased,
A. Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
B. Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C. Intra-alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
D. Intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
E. Intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure.
21. Without pulmonary surfactant,
A. Small alveoli would tend to empty into larger alveoli.
B. Larger alveoli would tend to empty into smaller alveoli.
C. All alveoli would be easier to inflate.
D. The surface tension in the alveoli would be reduced.
E. Two of the above are correct.
22. The minimum volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal
expiration is termed the
A. Tidal volume
D. Vital capacity.
B. Functional residual capacity.
E. No air remains in the lungs after maximal
C. Residual volume.
expiration
23. Part of the vital capacity
A. Tidal volume
D. All of these
B. Inspiratory reserve volume
E. A & B
C. Expiratory reserve volume
24. The Haldane effect
A. Would most likely be seen in a pulmonary capillary.
B. Would most likely be seen in a systemic capillary.
C. Would likely result in more O2 being disassociated
from hemoglobin.
D. All of these
E. B & C
25. Hemoglobin is likely in this form in the renal artery
A. HHb D. KH2CO3
B. KHbO2 E. None of these
C. HHbO2
A = Increase or greater than B = Decrease or less than C = No effect or equal to
26. Number of vasa recta in cortical nephrons as compared to the number of vas recta in juxtaglomerular nephrons.
27. Effect of increasing Bowman's Capsule pressure on the filtration fraction.
28. Effect of arterial naturitic peptide (ANP) on aldosterone secretion.
29. Effect of ANP on the filtration fraction.
30. Effect of increasing systemic arterial blood pressure from a mean pressure of 80 mm to 120 mm on the GFR.
31. Effect of increased flow past the macula densa on the subsequent diameter of the afferent arteriole.
32. Effect of renin on aldosterone secretion.
33. Effect of sympathetic activity on renin secretion.
34. Amount of fibrinogen in renal artery as compared to the renal vein.
35. Amount of glucose in renal artery as compared to the renal vein.
36. Amount of glucose in DCT as compared to the amount of glucose in the collecting duct (Assume diabetes mellitus).
37. Concentration of K+ in afferent arteriole as compared to the concentration of K+ in the efferent arteriole.
38. Ability of thick segment to actively absorb Na+ as compared to the ability of the thin segment to actively absorb Na+.
39. Effect of aldosterone on the renal clearance of K+.
40. Volume of filtrate in ascending loop of Henle as compared to volume of filtrate in Bowman's Capsule.
41. Effect of ADH on the concentration of urine.
42. Permeability of thick portion of the ascending Loop of Henle to urea as compared to the permeability of later portion of the collecting duct to urea.
43. Renal clearance of penicillin as compared to the renal clearance of inulin.
44. Effect of stimulating the nucleus tractus solitarius on the activity of the internal intercostals.
45. Effect of pCO2 on medullary chemoreceptors (Direct effect).
46. Number of cuneiform cartilage as compared to the number of corniculate.
47. Number of Type I cells as compared to the number of Type II cells.
48. Tendency of a small alveolus to collapse as compared to a larger one.
49. Magnitude of intrapleural pressure as compared to atmospheric pressure during expiration.
50. pO2 in pulmonary vein as compared to the pCO2 in the pulmonary artery.
51. Effect of increasing temperature on the p5O of hemoglobin.
52. Effect of Bohr effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.
53. Amount of CO2 transported in the RBC in the form of carbamino
hemoglobin as compared to the amount transported in RBC as
bicarbonate.
NAME __________________________________
SECTION __________________________________
Show all work; circle your answer
1. Define renal clearance
2. Calculate the renal clearance of substance X given the following
information:
GFR = 120 ml/min
Tm(X) = 300 mg/min
Plas concentration of X = 4 mg/l00 ml
Urine concentration of X = 12 mg/10 ml
Hematocrit = 50
Urine output = 80 ml/20 min
Renal clearance of inulin = 120 ml/min
3. Calculate the filtration fraction given the following:
Hematocrit = 50
Tmax = 200 mg/min
Creatine clearance = 200 ml/min
Renal blood flow = 4000 ml/min
Tmax = 400 mg/min
Urine vol = 2 ml/min
T Load = 300 mg/min
Renal Clearance PAH = 2000 ml/min
4. Calculate the GFR given the following information:
Tmax(X) = 300 mg/min
T Load (X) = 200 mg/min
Renal blood flow = 500 ml/min
Filtration fraction = 50%
Renal fraction = 20%
Plas concentration (X) = 2 mg/ml
Urine volume = 4 ml/min
5. Calculate the GFR given the following:
T max(X) = 400 mg/min
Renal clearance PAH = 800 ml/min
Renal plasma threshold = 8 mg/ml
Hematocrit = 50
Renal fraction = 25%
Urine concentration (X) = 2 mg/ml
Filtration fraction = 20%
6. Calculate the filtration fraction given the following:
Cardiac output = 5000 ml/min
T max (X) = 200 mg/min
Renal clearance of PAH = 1000 ml/min
Tubular load X = 200 mg/min
Renal clearance of inulin = 200 ml/min
Hematocrit = 50
Bowman capsule pressure = 20 mm Hg.
NAME ____________________________
SECTION ____________________________
(1 - 52)
Put all answers on scan sheet
Multiple Choice
1. The sources of water found in a glass of orange juice
A. Preformed
B. Metabolic
C. Fluid consumed as fluid
D. All of these
E. B & C
2. Thirst is caused by
A. The effect of hypertonicity on the hypothalamic osmoreceptors
B. Low extracellular volume in atria
C. Aldosterone
D. All of these
E. A & B
3. Part of the medulla
A. Vasa recta
B. Renal pyramids
C. Macula densa
D. All of these
E. A & B
4. Part of a cortical nephron
A. Renal artery
B. Interlobar artery
C. Efferent arteriole
D. All of these
E. None of these
5. Renin
A. Is stored in the vasa recta
B. Causes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin
II
C. Directly causes vasoconstriction
D. A & B
E. None of these
6. The following substances are secreted
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Uric acid
D. All of these
E. A & C
7. A loop diuretic
A. Diuril
B. Butex
C. Esidrix
D. A & C
E. None of these
8. Which of the following diuretics would be least likely to require
adjunct therapy with slow-K
A. Lasix
B. Dyazide
C. Esidrix
D. Diuril
E. Bumetanide
9. The DRG
A. Is associated with the nucleus retro-ambigualis
B. Sends impulses to the external intercostal muscles
C. Is usually inactive
D. All of these
E. None of these
10. Inhibits the dorsal respiratory group
A. Botzingers complex
B. Pneumotaxic center
C. Herring Breuer reflex
D. All of these
E. B & C
11. Altering this plasma constituent has the greatest influence on respiration
A. H+
B. CO2
C. O2
D. Glucose
E. None of these
12. Associated with nose
A. Eustachian tubes
B. Turbinates
C. Vestibule
D. All of these
E. B & C
13. Another name for Adam's apple
A. Epiglottic cartilage
B. Arytenoid cartilage
C. Thyroid cartilage
D. Macintosh cartilage
E. None of these
14. Part of dead space
A. Atrium
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Bronchi
D. All of these
E. B & C
15. Surfactant
A. Is produced by septal cells
B. Is lacking in people with ARDS
C. Decreases surface tension of water in lungs
D. All of these
E. B & C
16. Most CO2 in RBC transported in this form
A. Dissolved
B. Carbaminohemoglobin
C. Bicarbonate
D. H2CO3
17. Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for O2
A. 2, 3, DPG
B. Haldane Effect
C. H+
D. All of these
E. A & C
18. Form of hemoglobin in carotid artery
A. KHbO2
B. KHb
C. HHb
D. HHbO2
E. None of these
19. In metabolic acidosis
A. pH is low
B. pCO2 is low
C. Plasma Cl - are high
D. All of these
E. A & C
20. Approximate pO2 of alveolus
A. 160
B. 104
C. 120
D. 45
E. 40
A - Increase or greater than
B = Decrease or less than
C = No effect or equal to
21. Effect of increasing Bowman's capsule pressure on filtration fraction.
22. Effect of increasing ANF on the renal clearance of Na+
23. Effect of increasing ANF on GFR
24. Amount of K+ in the afferent arteriole as compared to the efferent arteriole
25. Effect of decreased Na+ at macula densa on subsequent GFR
26. Concentration of hemoglobin in afferent arteriole as compared to efferent arteriole
27. Amount of inulin in Bowman's capsule as compared to the amount in the loop of Henle
28. Effect of contracting the mesangial cells on the renal fraction
29. Concentration of PAH in afferent arteriole as compared to the efferent arteriole
30. Amount of alanine in renal artery as compared to renal vein
31. Concentration of glucose in afferent arteriole as compared to efferent
arteriole
(Assume T-load > Tmax)
32. Amount of PAH in Bowman's capsule as compared to the amount in the distal tubule
33. Renal clearance of inulin as compared to the renal clearance of penicillin
34. Effect of aldosterone on the clearance of K+
35. Concentration of solutes in the thin portion of ascending loop as compared to the thick portion of the ascending loop
36. Permeability of collecting duct to urea as compared to the thick portion of the ascending loop permeability to urea.
37. Effect of diabetes mellitus on the Tmax of glucose
38. Effect of pH on subsequent amount of NaH2pO4 in urine
39. Effect of acetazolamide (Diamox) on pH of urine
40. Amount of glucose in Bowman's capsule as compared to the amount
in collecting duct
(Assume diabetes mellitus)
41. Urine volume as compared to GFR in a person with diabetes insipidus
42. Effect of stimulating the nucleus ambiguous on the activity of intercostal muscles
43. Effect of stimulating the pneumotaxic center on the activity of the DRG
44. Effect of afferent impulses in spinal cord on respiratory activity
45. Effect of stimulating the vasomotor center on respiration
46. Effect of decreased surfactant on intra alveolar pressure during inspiration
47. Magnitude of intra pleural pressure as compared to the magnitude of the intra alveolar pressure during expiration
48. Volume of inspiratory reserve volume as compared to vital capacity
49. Volume of FEV1 as compared to the functional residual capacity
50. pO2 in pulmonary vein as compared to pO2 in renal artery
51. p-5O of maternal hemoglobin as compared to fetal hemoglobin
52. Effect of increasing temperature on the affinity of hemoglobin for
oxygen