A. The meninges
B. The ventricles
C. CSF distribution and circulation
I. Introduction
A. Comparison of nervous and endocrine systems
B. Components of reflex arc
II. Organization of
nervous system
A. Anatomical organization
B. Physiological organization
C. Synthesis of two organizational systems
D. Comparison of components of a reflex are in somatic
and visceral reflexes
III. Cellular Neurophysiology
A. Cell types
1. Neuroglia
a. Astroglia
b. Oligodendria
c. Microglia
d. Ependymal cells
e. Schwann cells
2. Neuron
B. Neuron
1. Functional characteristics
2. Anatomy
a. Cell body
b. Dendrites
c. Axon
3. Speed of conduction
a. Non-myelinated
b. Myelinated
-Multiple Sclerosis
-Regeneration
4. Structural Types
a. Multipolar
b. Biopolar
c. Pseudounipolar
C. Mixed Nerve Action Potentials (Erlanger & Gasser)
1. Description
2. Functional categorization
3. Effects of pressure and local anesthetics
D. Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions)
E. Chemical Synapses
1. Anatomical classification
a. Neuro-neuronal
b. Neuromuscular
c. Neuroglandular
2. Components
a. Presynaptic structure
b. Postsynaptic structure
- Neurotransmitter sensitive receptors
-Receptors coupled to G-proteins
c. Concept of miniature potentials
3. Response in postsynaptic structure
a. Excitatory synapses
- increased permeab. to Na+
- hypopolarized
- hyperexcitable
- E.P.S.P.
b. Inhibitory synapses
- increased permeab. to K+ or Cl-
- hyperpolarized
- hypoexcitable
- I.P.S.P
4. Principle of convergence, divergence, and synaptic delay.
5. Implications
a. Summation
b. Presynaptic Inhibition
F. Neuromodulators or Neuropeptides
IV. Anatomical Overview of Nervous System
A. Embryology
B. Anatomical Subdivisions
1. Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
a. Telencephalon
- Cerebrum
- Basal Ganglia
b. Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
2. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
a. Corpra quadrigemina
b. Red nucleus
c. Cerebral Peduncles
3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
a. Mentencephalon
-Cerebellum
- Pons
b. Myelencephalon
- Medulla
V. The Forebrain
A. Cerebrum
1. General anatomy
2. Functional lobes of cortex
a. Frontal
- Thought
- Speaking (Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area)
- Primary motor cortex (homunculus)
b. Parietal (Postcentral) (homunculus)
c. Temporal
d. Occipital
3. Left and right side differences
4. Fiber types
a. Association
b. Commissural
c. Projection
5. Basal Ganglia
a. Examples (caudate nucleus, putamen, globis pallidus)
b. Functions
B. Thalamus
C. Hypothalamus
1. Temperature regulation
2. Food
3. Water
4. Sleep
5. Stress
6. Hormone and releasing factors
7. Sexual behavior
VI. The Midbrain
A. The "Roof" -- corpora quadrigemina
1. Superior colliculi
2. Inferior collicculi
B.
The Midportion
1. Reticular formation
2. Nucleus ruber (red nucleus)
C. The Base - cerebral peduncles
VII. The Hindbrain
A. Cerebellum
1. Vestibulocerebellum (Flocculondular nucleus)
2. Spinocerebellum
3. Cerebrocerebellum
B. Pons
1. Tegmentum
2. Reticular formation
C.
Medulla
1. Vital functions
2. Vestibular nucleus
3. Cochlear nucleus
4. Decussation of the pyramids
5. Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
6. Reticular formation
VIII. The Limbic System
IX. The Reticular Formation
X. The Spinal Cord
A. Gross Anatomy
B. Microscopic Anatomy
XI. Protection to the CNS
A. The meninges
B. The ventricles
C. CSF distribution and circulation
XII. The Spinal Nerves
A. Functional classification
B. Distribution
XIII. The Cranial Nerves
A . Functional Classifications
B. Functions (See Figure 2)
|
|
|
|
| Olfactory (I) | Smell | Ansomia |
| Optic (II) | Vision | Anopsia |
| Oculomotor (III) | Motor:
Movement of eyelid and eyball, Accommodation of lens, Constriction of pupil. Sensory: Proprioception from eye muscles |
Strabismus;
Ptosis; Diplopia |
| Trochlear (IV) | Motor:
Movement of eyeball Sensory: Proprioception-eye muscles |
Diplopia;
Strabismus |
| Trigeminal (V) | Motor:
Chewing Sensory: General somatic afferrent from nose, forehead scalp, teeth, jaw, cheek, etc. |
Tic douloureux |
| Abducens (VI) | Motor:
Movement of eyeball Sensory: Proprioception-eye muscles |
|
| Facial (VII) | Motor:
Facial expressions; Secretion of saliva & tears Sensory: Taste; propriorecption from muscles of face and scalp |
Bell's palsy |
| Vestibulocochlear (VIII) | Hearing and equilibrium | Tinnitus (ringing) Vertigo |
| Glossopharyngeal (IX) | Motor:
Secretion of saliva; muscles of throat and larynx Sensory: Taste, regulation of respiration and blood pressure, proprioreception |
Difficult swallowing
Loss of taste |
| Vagus (X) | Motor:
Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in several visceral structures (e.g. airways, esophagus, stomach, small intestine); decrease heart rate; secretion of digestive fluids Sensory: Sensations from visceral organs that are supplied; regulation of respiration and blood pressure |
|
| Accessory (XI) | Motor:
Swallowing; movement of head Sensory: Proprioreception |
|
| Hypoglossal (XII) | Motor:
Movement of tongue Sensory: Propriorecption from tongue muscles |
A. Receptor Types
B. Weber Fechner Principle
C. Modality of Sensation
D. Intensity of Sensation
E. Receptor Adaptation
XV. Reflexes
A. Myotatic
B. Flexor Reflex
C. Crossed Extensor
XVI. Ascending Pathways
A. The Dorsal Column System
1. Functions
2. Anatomy (See Figure 4)
B. The Spinothalamic System
1. Functions
2. Anatomy (See Figure 5)
C. The Spinocerebellar Pathway
1. Functions
2. Anatomy (See Figure 5)
XVII. Descending Pathways
A. Pyramidal
1. Functions
2. Anatomy (See Figure 6)
B. Extra Pyramidal Pathways
1. Rubrospinal
a. Function
b. Anatomy (See Figure 6)
2. Tectospinal
a. Function
b. Anatomy
3. Vestibulospinal Tract
a. Function
b. Anatomy
4. Others
XVIII. Integrative Pathways
A. Cortico-Pontile-Cerebellar Pathway
1. Function
2. Anatomy (See Figure 7)
B. Dentata-Thalamo-Cortical Pathway
XIX. CNS Integration of Muscle Movement (See Figure 8)
XX. Other Neurotransmitters
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. GABA
D. Glycine
XXI. Neuropeptides
A. Substance P
B. Endorphans, Enkephalins
XXII. Pathologies
A. Shingles
B. Cerebral Palsy
C. Cerebral Vascular Accident
D. Epilepsy
E. Meningitis encephalitis
F. Reye's Syndrome
G. Neuritis
Click here for a figure of The Dorsal Column
System
Click here for a figure of The Spinothalamic & The Spinocerebellar Pathways
Click here for a figure of The Pyramidal & Rubrospinal Pathways
Click here for a figure of The "integrative" pathways
Click here for a figure of the CNS Integration
of Muscle Movement