STUDY GUIDE - QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES (TEST 1)
1. Define, describe or explain each of the words in the vocabulary lists. Organize the words into outline form. Identify terms that apply to more than one topic or taxonomic group. Write definitions from your text book and class notes; then rewrite definitions in your own words. After writing definitions, test yourself by looking at definitions only and supplying the appropriate terms
2. List the three Domains of living organisms. Provide an example of each one. List the kingdoms of each. Draw a phylogram to show their relationships.
3. Define systematics, taxonomy, classification, phylogeny, diversity. How are these terms related? How are they different? In what ways do Cladistic and Evolutionary systematics differ.
4. Make sure that you understand the terms that were provided for discussion of cladograms and dendograms (or phylograms): plesiomorphic, apomorphic, homologous, analagous, monophyletic, polyphyletic, holophyletic, parapyletic. How do differing rates of evolution and paraphyly make evolutionary dendograms look different from cladograms?
5. How do the terms hierarachical and binominal apply to our current system of nomenclature? List the 8 major taxonomic ranks or levels. How are humans classified at each rank?
6. What is a species? What is a subspecies? Compare and contrast typological, biological and evolutionary species concepts.
7. Explain the evolution of eukaryotes by a series of ancient symbioses. How is this different from most evolutionary pathways?
8. List types of bacteria found in each Domain and Kingdom of prokaryotes. Briefly characterize cyanobacteria, purple and green bacteria, mycoplasmas and members of Archaea.
9. Review your knowledge of cell division so that you clearly understand and can easily converse with the following terms: haploid, diploid, polyploid, homologous chromosome, mitosis, meiosis, gamete, fertilization, syngamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy, zygote, spore.
10. Diagram zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, and sporic meiosis life cycles. Indicate how an asexual life cycle may relate to the sexual life cycle; and how variation on the basic pattern may occur (eg. dormancy periods). Why is sporic meiosis referred to as alternation of generations? What is the meaning of the name of each life cycle type? Provide examples of organisms that exhibit each.
11. How do the terms gametophyte, sporophyte, isomorphic, heteromorphic, gametangia, meiospore, zoospore, zygospore, isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy, homospory, heterospory, etc. apply to the life cycles diagrammed above? What evolutionary trends exist among them?
12. Briefly characterize the following phyla in the kingdom Protista: Gymnamoeba, Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Euglenophyta, Dinoflagellata, Kinetoplastida, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Myxogastrida, Ciliophora, Choanoflagellida, Apicomplexa, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Oomycota. Identify the common characteristics of each. Which of these are usually considered to be algae? Which of these are usually considered to be protozoa?
13. Diagram a detailed life cycle of the green alga, Chlamydomonas. Include both asexual and sexual life cycles.
Draw a diagram to represent the structure of a Paramecium.
14. What type of life cycle is common to all groups of land plants? What characterizes spore and gamete production? Draw a general life cycle showing alternation of generations. By what kind of cell division are meiospores produced? ...gametes?
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15. Why are the bryophytes considered to be the "amphibians" of the plant world? Name the 3 phyla included in this group by scientific and common names and briefly describe each.
16. Draw the life cycle of a typical member of the Bryophyta. Label all parts as either haploid or diploid. Explain why water is required for sexual reproduction. Which generation is more dominant, the gametophyte or the sporophyte? Which grows attached to and dependent upon the other? Describe how spores are released from the sporophyte capsule. What kind of spores are they?
17. How does the life cycle of a liverwort differ from that of a moss? What characterizes their asexual reproduction? What is an antheridiophore and an archegoniophore? How does the growth form of the gametophyte differ from that of a moss? Where are elater cells found and what is their function?
18. Draw a diagram of a hornwort. To which other bryophyte group is it most similar? How are spores released? Is water required for sexual reproduction? Why?
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