BIOLOGY
1030 STUDY
OBJECTIVES: Fall 2003
Classification.
1. Define
taxonomy.
2. Define
species, using
the biological and then evolutionary species concepts. Why isn't the
biological
species concept sufficient? About how many species are currently known?
According to the estimate presented in lecture, what % of the total is
this?
3. List the
8 principal
taxonomic levels in their proper sequence. What does it mean when we
say
biological classification is hierarchical?
4. To what
does the term
binomial refer? What are the 2 parts of a binomial name, and how are
they
written? In what language are species names and descriptions written,
and why?
5. Contrast
cladistic
and traditional approaches to biological classification.
6. Define
monophyletic,
polyphyletic and paraphyletic. Draw phylograms to show: a) a
monophyletic
group, b) a polyphyletic group, c) a paraphyletic group. What are
cladograms,
and how are they constructed using shared derived character states?
7. Many
traits may be
used to classify organisms: list those presented in lecture. Name and
define 2
nutrition modes, 3 cell structures and 4 biochemical features that are
important in classifying some of the organisms discussed in this course.
8. What is a
life cycle?
Define diploid, haploid, syngamy, mitosis, meiosis. Use them in a
diagram of a
basic life cycle.
9. Define
and diagram:
zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis and sporic meiosis. Be able to
recognize
examples of these as seen in the lab manual or text figures.
10. Define
and contrast the
terms gamete and meiospore. Are gametes always made directly by
meiosis? When
are they, and when are they not?
11. What is
asexual
reproduction? What purpose does it serve? How does that contrast with
the
purpose of sexual reproduction?
Domains
Archaea/Bacteria.
1. Describe
the Domains
Archaebacteria and Bacteria. Which group contains the majority of the
bacteria?
2. Define
methanogen,
halophile and thermophile. To which of the prokaryote domains do most
of these
belong?
3. What are
the general
features of prokaryotic cells (contrast them with eukarykotes)?
4. What are
some of the
important roles bacteria play in Earth's life processes?
5. How do
bacteria
negatively affect humans? What are their positive roles?
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
1. What are the features common to members of the Domain Eukarya?
What is endosymbiosis, and how does this explain the evolution of
members of the Eukarya?
2. Briefly describe the features shared by all members of the Protista
(if there are any). Is this a monophyletic group? Why?
Differentiate between unicellular, colonial and multicellular
lifestyles.
3. Know the technical phylum name and common name of each protist group
covered in lecture. Be able to describe important classification
features mentioned in lecture, and know if a group has relatively many
or few species. Know the habitat of those groups for which habitat
information is given. If particular genera or species were covered,
know these names and why they were mentioned in class.
Listed below are phyla with terms and groups worth knowing:
Rhizopoda: pseudopds, Amoeba,
Entamoeba, Vampyrella
Actinopoda:
Foraminifera: test, podia, limestone
Pyrrhophyta: zooxanthellae, bioluminescence, bloom, red tide, Pfiesteria
Euglenophyta: pellicle, Euglena
Chrysophyta: chrysolaminarin, diatomaceous earth
Rhodophyta: coralline red agae, agar, carrageenan
Phaeophyta: kelp, alginates
Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas, Volvox,
Ulva, Chlorella
Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosoma,
tsetse fly, African sleeping sickness,
Leishmania, leishmaniasis,
sand fly, Giardia,
giardiasis, Trichonympha,
termites, gut symbiont
Ciliophora: pellicle, micronucleus, macronucleus, conjugation,
Paramecium, Stentor
Apicomplexa: Plasmodium,
malaria
Oomycota: mitospore (zoospore), hypha, Phytophthora, late blight of
potato
Acrasiomycota:
Myxomycota: plasmodium, Physarum,
sporangium (-ia)
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi.
1. Define, sketch, and recognize: hypha, mycelium, zygosporangium,
ascus, ascospore, ascoma, basidium, basidiospore, basidioma.
2. Characterize the fungi in terms of: a) nutrition, b) position and
importance in the food chain, c) type of life cycle, d) cell wall
composition, e) habitat.
3. Define and relate the terms syngamy, plasmogamy and karyogamy. What
is a dikaryotic hypha? A monokaryotic hypha?
4. What are mitospores? meiospores? In fungi, are they haploid or
diploid? What are conidia?
5. Distinguish between the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and
Imperfect Fungi with respect to: a) sexual reproduction (life cycle
differences), b) asexual reproduction, c) coenocytic or septate hyphae,
d) role of dikaryotic hyphae in feeding and formation of fruiting body.
6. Which of the groups listed above is not a true phylum? Why? Which of
these has the smallest number of species? The greatest?
7. In which fungal group do yeasts belong? What is their economic and
medical importance? In which fungal group do morels and truffles
belong? What is their use by humans?
8. To what phylum does Armillaria
belong? According to lecture, what is
Armillaria's major claim to
fame? What are smuts and rusts, and to
which phylum to they belong? Although some species of wild mushrooms
are edible, why should you avoid eating the basidioma of Amanita?
9. What were the important roles of imperfect fungi as mentioned in
lecture?
10. What are lichens? What phyla are usually involved? What is the
nature of the relationship between the two components of a lichen? In
what types of habitats are lichens important ecologically? Give an
example. What do we mean when we say some lichens are bioindicators of
air pollution?
11. What are mycorrhizae? About what % of plants form them? What is the
nature of the relationship between plant and fungus? How are
mycorrhizae important for revegetating disturbed areas? What is the
difference between endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae?
12. What is biocontrol, and how may fungi be used against human enemies?
Introduction
to K. Plantae; Phyla
Anthocerophyta, Hepaticophyta, and Bryophyta.
1. Name the features shared
by (almost) all land plants. From what phylum did they evolve?
2. Describe the general features
of land plants as presented in lecture, including adaptations to
prevent water loss, gamete and gametangium specialization, and embryos.
How does specialization of gametes into sperms and eggs separate the
main functions of gametes?
3. Give the common and technical
phylum names for the 3 major groups of bryophytes. Briefly
describe the members of each phylum, including examples that were given
in lecture.
4. Explain why bryophytes need
moist conditions to grow and reproduce. Some bryophytes are epiphytes:
what does this term mean?
5. Distinguish rhizoids from
roots in anatomy and function.
6. Draw a life cycle diagram
showing the important stages of a moss life cycle: meiospores,
gametophyte, gametangia (antheridia and archegonia), swimming sperm,
embryo, sporophyte (foot, seta, and capsule). Which structures are
haploid, and which are diploid? Why did I say that bryophytes make
"deadbeat sporophytes."
7. What is the importance of
mosses to ecosystems? To humans? Recall the uses and importance of
Sphagum moss (don't forget the bog people).
8. Liverworts can be thallose or
leafy. What do we mean by this? Recall the liverwort called Marchantia.
What are archegoniophores and antheridiophores? What are gemmae? What
is the function of these structures?
9. What do hornworts look like?
How are they different from mosses and liverworts?
Seedless
vascular plants (SVPs).
1. Name the features that are
shared by bryophytes and SVPs, and the features common to SVPs but not
bryophytes. Explain the value of the latter features to plants in a
terrestrial environment.
2. Distinguish between megaphylls
and microphylls. Show by sketches how each type has evolved.
3. Name the phylum(-a) of SVPs in
which members have: (a) microphylls, (b) megaphylls, (c) homospory, (d)
heterospory, (e) no leaves, (f) no roots. Know the common names of the
phyla. Which phylum of SVPs has the most species?
4. How important economically are
SVPs? Which phylum is most important for our use of living species?
When in Earth's history did SVPs dominate land habitats? What current
use do humans make of SVP fossils?
5. Distinguish between homospory
and heterospory. Draw a life cycle diagram to show each. Name a
homosporous and a heterosporous SVP. Describe the advantages offered by
heterospory.
6. Contrast the life cycles of
SVPs (represented by ferns) and bryophytes (represented by a moss or
liverwort). Which make deadbeat sporophytes? In which is the
sporophyte body dominant? In which is the gametophyte body dominant?
7. Which phylum of SVPs contains
several southeastern endangered species? What is a sporophyll? What is
a strobilus?
8. To what phylum does Equisetum
belong? Be able to identify the leaves and branches on a horsetail or
scouring rush. What are sporangiophores, and what is a strobilus?
9. In ferns, what are sori and
indusia? Where are sporangia typically found on fern leaves? What is
the importance of ferns as: horticultural species, primary producers,
invasive exotics?
Gymnosperms.
1. Be familiar with the important features of heterospory that
represent advantages over homospory for life on land. Use the
Selaginella life cycle as an example of heterospory.
Pay particular attention to the types of sporophylls, sporangia,
meiospores, and gametophytes made. How does heterospory extend the
specialization of gametes (sperm and eggs) back into earlier points of
a sporic life cycle?
2. Indicate the time in history when gymnosperms became dominant, and
the environmental change that led to their evolutionary radiation.
3. Describe the common features of gymnosperms and differentiate them
from other groups of plants.
4. Describe the life cycle of pine. Be sure you define these terms:
pollen (male) cone, seed (female) cone, sporophyte, microsporophyll,
microsporangium, microspore mother cell, microspore, microgametophyte,
pollen grain, pollen tube, spermatogenous cell, ovule, integument,
megasorangium, megaspore mother cell, megaspore, megagametophtye,
archegonium, egg, pollination, fertilization (syngamy), seed, seed
coat, embryo. Why can we say that a pine seed is composed of parts of 3
pine generations?
5. What are the advantages of making pollen grains and seeds for
meeting the challenges of life on land?
6. As a test of your understanding, describe the sequence of
evolutionary advances that resulted in development of pollen grains and
seeds, showing as stages the comparable structures in homosporous SVPs
(such as ferns), heterosporous SVPs (such as Selaginella), and
gymnosperms (such as pine).
7. Describe the four major features in the life cycle of gymnosperms
that are advances over living SVPs (secondary growth, pollen, ovule,
seed). Explain how each feature promotes survival on dry land, and how
it improves on the comparable structure in SVPs.
8. What is the technical name of the cycad phylum? What are the general
features of cycads mentioned in lecture? What do we mean by the term
dioecious? What are the 3 stories about cycads discussed in lecture
(human use, endangerment, dinosaurs)?
9. What is the technical name of the conifer phylum? Is this the
largest group of living gymnosperms? When did the gymnosperms dominate
the land? Where do they dominate it still? What are the biological
records held by gymnosperms as discussed in lecture? What are 3
economic uses of conifers discussed in lecture? Are pines, junipers,
firs, cypresses, redwoods, big trees, Wollemi "pines", and yews all
conifers? What are forest decline and acid rain, and their connection
with conifer forests?
10. What is the technical name of the phylum containing maidenhair tree
(Ginkgo biloba)? How many species in this phylum are alive today? Why
is Ginkgo called a living fossil? What are its distinctive features?
What are its economic uses?
11. What is the technical name of the gnetophyte phylum? What is
distinctive about them? What 2 genera were discussed in lecture, what
is connection of one of them to the drug ephedrine?
Flowering plants and the flower.
1. About how many species of flowering plants have been described by
scientists? Are there more yet to be discovered?
2. Describe the four features discussed in lecture that distinguish
angiosperms from other plant groups.
Know the summary table below differentiating angiosperms from
gymnosperms:
Trait
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Ovules
Enclosed in
ovary Enclosed in cone (not sealed)
Integuments
2
1
Fertilization
Double
Single
Archegonium
Absent
Present
Embryo “eats”
Endosperm (sibling) Megagametophyte (mom)
Pollen grain
2 cells
>2 cells (4 in pine)
Pollination is arrival at: Stigma
Ovule opening
(micropyle)
Pollen vector (generally) Animals
Wind
3. In a diagram of a flower, identify peduncle, receptacle, sepal,
petal, stamen, anther, filament, pistil, ovule, stigma, style, ovary.
4. Diagram the angiosperm life cycle. If one item has been blanked out
in the life cycle diagram covered during lecture, replace the missing
item and explain its importance.
5. Show in diagrams where the mega- and microsporangia, mega- and
microspores, and mega- and microgametophytes occur in flowers.
6. Illustrate the trend toward reduction of the gametophyte phase in
plants by comparing the gametophytes of homosporous and heterosporous
SVPs, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
7. How does pollination differ between angiosperms and gymnosperms,
both in terms of the vector involved (what carries pollen) and the
definition of pollination for each group?
8. Explain why the flower is regarded as a collection of modified
leaves. How are carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals each thought to
have evolved?
9. Which condition is thought to be ancestral and which derived
(modified by evolution from the ancestral condition) in the following
traits:
1) parts fused vs. parts free,
2) many parts vs. few parts,
3) spirally arranged parts vs. whorled parts,
4) complete vs. incomplete flowers and perfect vs. imperfect flowers,
5) ovary superior vs. ovary inferior,
6) radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry
See handy table below.
Trait
Ancestral
Derived
# parts
indefinite, many
definite, few
arrangement of parts
spiral
whorled
fusion of parts
none
yes
ovary position
superior
inferior
missing parts
complete, perfect
incomplete, imperfect
symmetry
radial
bilateral
10. What is an inflorescence? What is a head? In a sunflower, what are
ray and disk flowers?
11. Describe how animal pollination of flowers is usually a mutualism.
Describe the benefits of insect pollination. Be sure to mention
directed pollen dispersal and the selective action of the style as part
of your answer.
12. What is a pollination syndrome? What is coevolution?
13. Describe the general features of flowers pollinated by beetles,
bees, flies, moths, birds, bats, and wind, and how they take advantage
of the differing characteristics of these pollinators.
14. What are landing platforms, nectar guides, sexual mimics? What
pollinates the plants that make the largest flowers and the largest
inflorescences in the world? Name several examples of flowers that
trick insects into visiting them without providing a reward.
15. Into what 2 classes is the Anthophyta divided? How can monocot and
dicot flowers be distinguished from each other? What are other
differences between these two classes discussed in lecture?
16. What is the value of pollinators to crops grown by humans?
Fruits and seeds of flowering plants.
1. Define the term seed. Describe the origin of the seed coat. List 3
functions that may be performed by the seed coat. What are elaiosomes
and what do they do?
2. What is a fruit? Describe the difference between a seed and a fruit.
What is the pericarp? Into what 3 layers can a pericarp be subdivided?
3. Describe 3 functions for the pericarp. What is scarification? What
are the 3 main seed dispersal mechanisms that involve the pericarp? Why
are insects not important seed dispersers (relative to mammals and
birds)?
4. What are parthenocarpic fruits? How are plants that make these kinds
of fruits propagated?
5. Differentiate between accessory, multiple, aggregate, and simple
fruits. Be familiar with the examples of these types of fruits
presented in lecture.
6. Simple fruits can be divided into fleshy and dry fruits. What type
of simple fruit is a: pepo, berry, hesperidium, capsule, legume, drupe,
pome, nut, grain (caryopsis), achene, follicle, samara?
END of material to be covered on EXAM #1 (9/23)